User:Izaland Terramorphing Committee/Sandbox/Izaki Language: Difference between revisions
m (Started writing about verbs) |
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|- | |- | ||
|'''Accusative''' | |'''Accusative''' | ||
|''prolong | |''prolong vowel<sup>1</sup>'' | ||
|miw'''ā''' | |miw'''ā''' | ||
|tsokkē | |tsokkē | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''Nai'' | |''Nai'' | ||
| | |tashiton | ||
|nulbin | |nulbin | ||
|rihtan | |rihtan | ||
| | |rikun | ||
|kieren | |kieren | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Sai'' | |''Sai'' | ||
| | |tashitos | ||
|nulbis | |nulbis | ||
|rihtas | |rihtas | ||
| | |rikus | ||
|kieres | |kieres | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Han'' | |''Han'' | ||
| | |tashito | ||
|nulbi | |nulbi | ||
|rihta | |rihta | ||
| | |riku | ||
|kiere | |kiere | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Naiin'' | |''Naiin'' | ||
| | |tashitonne | ||
|nulbinne | |nulbinne | ||
|rihtanne | |rihtanne | ||
| | |rikunne | ||
|kierenne | |kierenne | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Saiin'' | |''Saiin'' | ||
| | |tashitosse | ||
|nulbisse | |nulbisse | ||
|rihtasse | |rihtasse | ||
| | |rikusse | ||
|kieresse | |kieresse | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''Hannu'' | |''Hannu'' | ||
| | |tashitohan | ||
|nulbihan | |nulbihan | ||
|rihtahan | |rihtahan | ||
| | |rikuhan | ||
|kierehan | |kierehan | ||
|} | |} | ||
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They rotate the handle. ''Hannu rimeroo minbaerahan.'' (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 舵⸠ 回𖬮ɭ𖬬𖬨ᐢ) | They rotate the handle. ''Hannu rimeroo minbaerahan.'' (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 舵⸠ 回𖬮ɭ𖬬𖬨ᐢ) | ||
==== Group 3 ==== | |||
The verbs in this group end by "-su", preceded by a consonant that usually is n, s, and sometimes h, k (rare), l, r. To conjugate this group verbs, it is necessary to check which vowel comes before the consonant, and apply the vowel transition pattern. | |||
# Last vowel before Csu a: becomes e | |||
# Last vowel before Csu e: becomes i (remember that "si" sound becomes "shi") | |||
# Last vowel before Csu i: becomes o | |||
# Last vowel before Csu o: becomes u | |||
# Last vowel before Csu u: becomes a | |||
According to the ending of the verb, each sub-type has the following last stem consonant changes: | |||
# '''-assu/essu/ossu/ussu''' verbs: asse/esshi/ossu/ussa + personal pronoun endings | |||
# -'''issu''' verbs: isshi + personal pronoun endings <sup>1</sup> | |||
# -'''V<u>ns</u>u''' verbs: V<u>nn</u>V + personal pronoun endings | |||
# -'''Vhsu''' verbs: V<u>pp</u>V + personal pronoun endings | |||
# -'''Vlsu''' verbs: V<u>ll</u>V + personal pronoun endings | |||
# -'''Vksu''' verbs: V<u>kk</u>V + personal pronoun endings <sup>2</sup> | |||
# -'''Vrsu''' verbs: V<u>ry</u>V + personal pronoun endings | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> V: vowel | |||
1: -issu verbs, such as ''numersu'' (to tow) change their stem into "numerī-" (numerīn, numerīs, numerī...) | |||
2: -ersu verbs, such as ''numersu'' (to tow) change their stem into "numerī-" (numerīn, numerīs, numerī...) | |||
The personal pronoun endings are the same as the other types | |||
# -n | |||
# -s | |||
# only conjugation stem (the most intuitive way is to cut “-n” from the first person) | |||
# h+verb stem last vowel+n | |||
# h+verb stem last vowel+s | |||
# h+verb stem last vowel | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| | |||
|''To push'' | |||
|''To try'' | |||
|''To twist'' | |||
|''To listen'' | |||
|''To scrub'' | |||
|''To convince'' | |||
|''To paint'' | |||
|- | |||
|Pers. Pr. | |||
|'''Jissu''' | |||
|'''Tsurahsu''' | |||
|'''Yokansu''' | |||
|'''Odensu''' | |||
|'''Tederiksu''' | |||
|'''Sonomulsu''' | |||
|'''Kichoarsu''' | |||
|- | |||
|''Nai'' | |||
|jisshon | |||
|tsurappen | |||
|yokannen | |||
|odennin | |||
|tederikkon | |||
|sonomullan | |||
|kichoaryen | |||
|- | |||
|''Sai'' | |||
|jisshos | |||
|tsurappes | |||
|yokannes | |||
|odennis | |||
|tederikkos | |||
|sonomullas | |||
|kichoaryes | |||
|- | |||
|''Han'' | |||
|jissho | |||
|tsurappe | |||
|yokanne | |||
|odenni | |||
|tederikko | |||
|sonomulla | |||
|kichoarye | |||
|- | |||
|''Naiin'' | |||
|jisshonne | |||
|tsurappenne | |||
|yokannenne | |||
|odenninne | |||
|tederikkonne | |||
|sonomullanne | |||
|kichoaryenne | |||
|- | |||
|''Saiin'' | |||
|jisshosse | |||
|tsurappesse | |||
|yokannesse | |||
|odennisse | |||
|tederikkoisse | |||
|sonomullasse | |||
|kichoaryesse | |||
|- | |||
|''Hannu'' | |||
|Jisshohan | |||
|tsurappehan | |||
|yokannehan | |||
|odennihan | |||
|tederikkohan | |||
|sonomullahan | |||
|kichoaryehan | |||
|} | |||
''Example sentences'' | |||
She listens to the new track. ''Han suyon kyukuu odenni.'' (她 新ᐢ 曲⸠ 聴ⲅ𖭑ᛁ.) | |||
We paint the back of the house. ''Naiin futagas odae kichoaryenne.'' (我⸠ᐢ 家ᒢ 後 塗ꓶ𖬬ⲅ𖭑ɭ.) | |||
I change my child's diaper. ''Nai mitogosne hucharii puhannen.'' (我 子ᒢ𖭑ɭ 𖬨𐐢𖬐𖬬ᛁ⸠ 変ⲅ𖭑ɭᐢ.) | |||
=== Negative stem === | |||
By changing part of the verb suffix, you can create the negative form of the verb. | |||
Yosu (to be) verb: yonasu (add “na” (無, but usually written as 𖭑) between the stem and the ending) | |||
==== Group 1: ==== | |||
Tashidosu > tashitonasu (tashitonan, tashitonas, tashitona…) | |||
Rihtasu > Rihtanasu (rihtanan, rihtanas, rihtana...) | |||
Rigusu > Rikunasu (rikunan, rikunas, rikuna…) | |||
==== Group 2 ==== | |||
Eisu > Einasu (einan, einas, eina…) | |||
Seosu > Seonasu (seonan, seonas, seona…) | |||
Muiyasu > Muiyanasu (muiyanan, muiyanas, muiyana....) | |||
Rule: for both groups 1 and 2 verbs, to create the negative stem, just add “na” before the -su ending, and conjugate the new verb as a group 1 verb. | |||
==== Group 3 ==== | |||
Jissu > Jisanasu (jisanan, jisanas, jisana…) | |||
Tehossu > Tehosanasu (tehosanan, tehosanas, tehosana) | |||
Tsurahsu> Tsurahnasu (tsurahnan, tsurahnas, tsurahna...) | |||
Muppuhsu> Muppuhnasu (muppuhnan, muppuhnas, muppuhna…) | |||
Yokansu > Yokannasu (yokannan, yokannas, yokanna...) | |||
Chozinsu > Chozinnasu (choziwanan, choziwanas, choziwana…) | |||
Tederiksu > Tederīnasu (tederīnan, tederīnas, tederīna…) | |||
Bakkomaksu > Bakkomānasu (bakkomānan, bakkomānas, bakkomāna…) | |||
Sonomulsu > Sonomūnasu (sonomūnan, sonomūnas, sonomūna…) | |||
Nyukilsu > Nyukīnasu (nyukīnan, nyukīnas, nyukīna…) | |||
Kichoarsu > Kichoānasu (kichoānan, kichoānas, kichoāna...) | |||
Otarsu > Otānasu (otānan, otānas, otāna…) | |||
See here the rule in detail: | |||
- ssu verbs: insert “ana” between the -s ending stem and the -su suffix. In this case, the negative infix is always “ana”, regardless of the last stem vowel | |||
- hsu verbs: just add “na” between h and -su suffix. | |||
- nsu verbs: just add “na” between n and -su suffix | |||
-ksu/lsu/rsu verbs: remove k/l/r, prolong the previous vowel and add “na” before the -su suffix | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| colspan="2" |'''Verb group''' | |||
|'''Negative particle''' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |''Group 1'' | |||
|na (𖭑) | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |''Group 2'' | |||
|na (𖭑) | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" |''Group 3'' | |||
|<nowiki>-ssu verbs</nowiki> | |||
|ana (𖬮𖭑) | |||
|- | |||
|<nowiki>- hsu verbs</nowiki> | |||
|na (𖭑) | |||
|- | |||
|<nowiki>- nsu verbs</nowiki> | |||
|na (𖭑) | |||
|- | |||
|<nowiki>- ksu/lsu/rsu verbs</nowiki> | |||
|long vowel + na (⸠𖭑) | |||
|} |
Revision as of 02:28, 3 September 2022
A brief manual of Izaki language, the conlang under development for Izaland.
Basically it is a language isolate, however many elements are inspired by Japanese, Korean and Finnish Languages.
Phonology - 音声学
Sounds
Izaki language has an average number of consonant sounds, and a limited number of vocalic sounds, making it a pretty easy to pronounce language.
Vowels
Izaki has 5 vowels and 2 semivowels. The 5 vowels can have a short or a long sound:
Back | Front | |
Close | /i/ | /u/ |
Mid | /e/ | /o/ |
Open | /a/ |
The semivowels are /w/ and /j/, and always occur before a vowel. The only exception is the /wjV/ composition, where V is a vowel (mostly /a/), like in the compound /wja/ (業).
Consonants
Izaki has 22 consonants, as per the following phonetic chart.
↓ Manner/Place → | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Stop | p b | t d | c | k ɡ | |||
Affricate | ʦ ʣ | ʧ ʤ | |||||
Fricative | f | s z | ʃ ʒ | h | |||
Approximant | j | ||||||
Trill | r | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
Syllabes
The Izaki phonology is strictly syllable based, and the structure we are going to explain followingly is so strict that also foreign loan words must be adapted to it.
To better explain the syllable composition, we will divide the different sounds into three categories:
V: the 5 vowels, short or long (a, e, i, o, u, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū)
C: the 22 consonants (p, b, k, g, t, d, ch, j, s, z, ts, ð, sh, zh, m, n, l, r, h, f, v)
F: the syllable-final consonants (n, l, s, r, h*, kk**) - only these consonants can appear after a vowel in a syllable, or at the end of a word. However, no words end by -h.
*h: it can be found in the final position of a syllable structure, and appears between a vowel and another consonant. The following consonant will be not voiced
Example words: dahkei (cliff), zhohtan (side), nihki (coast), rihmi (county), nehkeu (too much)
**kk: the geminated /k/ is a feature of the south-west dialect, and in current Izaki language only appears in the name of the city of Kikknās (Itakiri Prefecture).
A basic syllable can be one of the following kinds:
- V any vowel, short or long
- CV any consonant*, any vowel
- CVF
Only non sonorant consonants (k, t, p, s, ts, sh, ch) and n, l, r can be strong (doubled).
Example words: kaida (sword), miwa (water), rekki (pen), noppo (spoon), keilo (route), shihkama (whale), kamitsas (everywhere), estinden (always), jīssu (to press), yokoku (notice), jāshiki (common sense), gūnyū (milk), hākei (total), keskwa (result), wingyōn (bank), inshēs (printing)...
Writing System
Izaki language writing system is one of the most articulated writing systems, making use of the Bai characters and an original composed alphabet called askaoza (邦記, or 𖬒ᒢ𖬭ᣟᐤ𖬖𖬰).
The Bai characters and the askaoza are not alternative writing systems, but each of them has a definite role. Basically, Bai characters are used to show the semantical meaning of nouns, verb roots, adjectives etc., while askaoza complements them, allowing variable parts of the speech to be declined or conjugated accordingly. This works basically as in Japanese with kanji and kana.
In the first section of our language manual we are going to learn the basics of the askaoza.
Main features of the askaoza writing system:
- One letter corresponds to one sound
- All the letter are by default adjoined with the sound “/a/”. No words in Izaki can start with a double consonant, while certain consonants can follow another one, but their representation is different (see later)
- The other vocalic sounds except for “a” are rendered with a diacritic symbol, on the left or on the right of the consonant.
- Single vowels are shown by a “placeholder” symbol, with the value of /a/ if no other vowel diacritic is present.
- The main letters are unvoiced sounds. The corresponding voiced sounds are marked by a dot on the top.
Roman alp. | Character | IPA | Roman alp. | Character | IPA |
清音 (seion) - unvoiced | 濁音 (takuon) - voiced | ||||
K | 𖬭 | /k/ | G | 𖬭𖬰 | /g/ |
P | 𖬡 | /p/ | B | 𖬡𖬰 | /b/ |
S | 𖬖 | /s/ | Z | 𖬖𖬰 | /z/ |
T | 𖬮 | /t/ | D | 𖬮𖬰 | /d/ |
F | 𖬌 | /f/ | V | 𖬌𖬰 | /v/ |
CH | 𖬥 | /ʧ/ | J | 𖬥𖬰 | /ʤ/ |
SH | 𖬔 | /ʃ/ | ZH | 𖬔𖬰 | /ʒ/ |
TS | 𖬪 | /ʦ/ | Đ | 𖬪𖬰 | /ʣ/ |
H | 𖬨 | /h/ | |||
N | 𖭑 | /n/ | |||
M | 𖬊 | /m/ | |||
L | 𖬠 | /l/ | |||
R | 𖬬 | /r/ |
Vowels and consonant joints
Let’s take the first letter in Izaki alphabetical order, the “ka”: 𖬭 As it is now, we would read it /ka/, and not “k”, since in Izaki consonants are not stand-alone, and the default value is /ka/.
What if we want to give it the sound /ke/? In this case we need to add on the right (as this is the rule of the “E”) the necessary diacritic, called, in Izaki, tenkun: 𖬭ɭ
Thus we know that “𖬭ɭ” will be read as /ke/; “𖬭𖬭ɭ” will be /kake”/ and “𖬭ɭ𖬭” shall be /keka/
In the same way, we can write either ki, ko, and ku:
𖬭ᛁ the “i” sound is made by adding a vertical bar
𖬭ᐤ the “o” sound is made by adding a small circle on the top-right
𖬭𐐢 the “u” sound is rendered by an umbrella handle shaped element
Thus we can have these possible combinations:
𖬭𖬭ᛁ (kaki), 𖬭ᐤ𖬭𐐢 (koku), 𖬭ᛁ𖬭𐐢 (kiku) etc…
Let’s take a view to the main Izaki consonants with the 5 simple vowels:
Consonant | A | E | I | O | U |
- | 𖬒 a | 𖬒ɭ e | 𖬒ᛁ i | 𖬒ᐤ o | 𖬒𐐢 u |
K | 𖬭 ka | 𖬭ɭ ke | 𖬭ᛁ ki | 𖬭ᐤ ko | 𖬭𐐢 ku |
P | 𖬡 pa | 𖬡ɭ pe | 𖬡ᛁ pi | 𖬡ᐤ po | 𖬡𐐢 pu |
S | 𖬖 sa | 𖬖ɭ se | 𖬖ᛁ shi | 𖬖ᐤ so | 𖬖𐐢 su |
T | 𖬮 ta | 𖬮ɭ te | 𖬮ᛁ ti | 𖬮ᐤ to | 𖬮𐐢 tu |
F | 𖬌 fa | 𖬌ɭ fe | 𖬌ᛁ fi | 𖬌ᐤ fo | 𖬌𐐢 fu |
CH | 𖬥 cha | 𖬥ɭ che | 𖬥ᛁ chi | 𖬥ᐤ cho | 𖬥𐐢 chu |
SH | 𖬔 sha | 𖬔ɭ she | 𖬔ᛁ shi | 𖬔ᐤ sho | 𖬔𐐢 shu |
TS | 𖬪 tsa | 𖬪ɭ tse | 𖬪ᛁ tsi | 𖬪ᐤ tso | 𖬪𐐢 tsu |
H | 𖬨 ha | 𖬨ɭ he | 𖬨ᛁ hi | 𖬨ᐤ ho | 𖬨𐐢 hu |
N | 𖭑 na | 𖭑ɭ ne | 𖭑ᛁ ni | 𖭑ᐤ no | 𖭑𐐢 nu |
M | 𖬊 ma | 𖬊ɭ me | 𖬊ᛁ mi | 𖬊ᐤ mo | 𖬊𐐢 mu |
L | 𖬠 la | 𖬠ɭ le | 𖬠ᛁ li | 𖬠ᐤ lo | 𖬠𐐢 lu |
R | 𖬬 ra | 𖬬ɭ re | 𖬬ᛁ ri | 𖬬ᐤ ro | 𖬬𐐢 ru |
Here are the derived consonants with the different vowel combinations:
Consonant | A | E | I | O | U |
- | 𖬒 a | 𖬒ɭ e | 𖬒ᛁ i | 𖬒ᐤ o | 𖬒𐐢 u |
G | 𖬭𖬰 ga | 𖬭𖬰ɭ ge | 𖬭𖬰ᛁ gi | 𖬭𖬰ᐤ go | 𖬭𖬰𐐢 gu |
B | 𖬡𖬰 ba | 𖬡𖬰ɭ be | 𖬡𖬰ᛁ bi | 𖬡𖬰ᐤ bo | 𖬡𖬰𐐢 bu |
Z | 𖬖𖬰 za | 𖬖𖬰ɭ ze | 𖬖𖬰ᛁ zi | 𖬖𖬰ᐤ zo | 𖬖𖬰𐐢 zu |
D | 𖬮𖬰 da | 𖬮𖬰ɭ de | 𖬮𖬰ᛁ di | 𖬮𖬰ᐤ do | 𖬮𖬰𐐢 du |
V | 𖬌𖬰 va | 𖬌𖬰ɭ ve | 𖬌𖬰ᛁ vi | 𖬌𖬰ᐤ vo | 𖬌𖬰𐐢 vu |
J | 𖬥𖬰 ja | 𖬥𖬰ɭ je | 𖬥𖬰ᛁ ji | 𖬥𖬰ᐤ jo | 𖬥𖬰𐐢 ju |
ZH | 𖬔𖬰 zha | 𖬔𖬰ɭ zhe | 𖬔𖬰ᛁ zhi | 𖬔𖬰ᐤ zho | 𖬔𖬰𐐢 zhu |
Ð | 𖬪𖬰 ða | 𖬪𖬰ɭ ðe | 𖬪𖬰ᛁ ði | 𖬪𖬰ᐤ ðo | 𖬪𖬰𐐢 ðu |
Diphthongs
Besides the main 5 vowels, Izaki language also has s certain number of diphthongs, or gliding vowels, a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.
Let’s take a look at some examples: 𐭘𖬭 kya, 𐩪𖬌 fwo, 𐩬𖬖 swa
There are 8 main diphthongs, rendered in roman alphabet with “y” (/j/) and “w” (/w/), and in askaoza these semivocalic sounds are shown by a diacritic on the left of the corresponding consonant.
Let’s see how it works with the consonant 𖭑 (n):
A | E | I | O | U | |
Y | 𐭘𖭑 nya | 𐐑𖭑 nye | ᛚ𖭑 nyo | 𐐓𖭑 nyu | |
W | 𐩬𖭑 nwa | 𐩧𖭑 nwe | 𐐊𖭑 nwi | 𐩪𖭑 nwo |
Example words and sounds:
𖭑ᛁ𐩬𖭑ɭ niswae
𖬒ᐤ𐐓𖬬𖬒 oryua
𐩧𖬭𖬬ᛁ kweri
𐐓𖬒𖬪ᐤ yutso
𐭘𖬨Ꮀ𐐊𖬭 hyaakwi
𐐑𖬒ᛁ𖬖ᐤᐡ yeison
𖬌𐐢𐐑𖬬 furye
𖬪𐩬𖬒 tsawa
𖬖𐩪𖬒𖬨ᛁ sawohi
𐩪𖬭𖬨ɭ kwohe
𖬊ᛁ𐩧𖬖Ꮀ miwee
ᛚ𖬒𖬊 yoma
𐐓𖬊Ꮀ𖬨 myuuha
ᛚ𖬮𖬖𐐢 tyosu
Double Consonants
The double consonant is possible only with K, P, CH, S, T, N, L, SH, TS, and it is shown by a "^" diacritic symbol on the respective glyph.
- KKA 𖬘𖬳
- PPA 𖬇𖬳
- TTA 𖬁𖬳𖬳
- CCHA 𖬐𖬳
- SSA 𖬖𖬳
- SSHA 𖬔𖬳
- TTSA 𖬑𖬳𖬳
- LLA 𖬈𖬳
Only the "nn" rendering is different, as it is shown with a diacritic symbol before "NA":
- NNA ⲅ𖭑
- Examples
- 𖬮𖬭 taka vs 𖬮𖬘𖬳 takka
- 𖬨ᛁ𖭑ᐡ hinan vs 𖬨ᛁⲅ𖭑ᐡ hinnan
- 𖬥ᛁ𐩪𖬭 chikwo vs 𖬥ᛁ𐩪𖬘𖬳 chikkwo
- 𖬮𐐢𖬖 usa vs 𖬮𐐢𖬖𖬳 ussa
- 𖬮ᐤ𖬇𐐢ᐢ opun vs 𖬮ᐤ𖬇𖬳𐐢ᐢ oppun
Long vowels
In Izaki language, vowels can be short or long. This feature has a distinctive value, so it is important to notice when a vowel is short or long.
In the official Sanotari-Idanos romanization system, long vowels are written with a macron: ā ī ē ō ū, while in the less used Tagenas romanization system, they are just left as a couple of vowels: aa, ii, ee, oo, uu.
In the askaoza alphabet, to mark a long vowel, the diacritic “Ꮀ” is placed on the right of the long vowel syllable.
Let’s take a look at some examples: 𖬭Ꮀ kā, 𖬌ᛁᎰ fī, 𖬮ᐤᎰ tō
There are cases of long vowel in a CVC syllabe. In this case, the diacritic must be placed before the final consonant one: 𖬪ᐤᎰᐡ tsōn, 𖬬𐐢Ꮀᒢ rūs, 𖬨ɭᎰᣘ hēr
Greetings and useful expressions
In the table, some useful words in Izaki
Ingerish | Izaki (romanised) | Transcription (Izaki) |
Ingerish | Ingo | 引語 |
Yes | Sā | 𖬖⸠ |
No | Na | 𖭑 |
Hello! | Ānjiwara! | 𖬮⸠ᐢ𖬐𖬰ᛁ𐩬𖬮𖬬 |
How are you | Soi yodeska? | 𖬖ᐤᛁ ꓩ𖬮𖬒𖬰ɭᒢ𖬭? |
Hello (formal) | Āmajike | 𖬮⸠𖬊𖬐𖬰ᛁ𖬭ɭ |
Hi! (informal) | Ānji! | 𖬮⸠ᐢ𖬐𖬰ᛁ! |
I'm fine, thank you. | Nai tepan, dōmas. | 𖭑꜉ 良ᐢ, 𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ᒢ. |
So and so | tepana, zushina / tenazuna | 良𖭑, 悪𖭑 / 𖬁ɭ𖭑𖬖𖬰𐐢𖭑 |
Goodbye! | Sokkiba! | 𖬖ᐤⲅ𖬭ᛁ𖬇𖬰! |
Welcome | Witte edeseke | 𐐊𖬮𖬁𖬳𖬳ɭ 𖬮ɭ𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭ |
Please | Inadeshiyan (indeshan) | 𖬮ᛁ𖭑𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬔ᛁ𐭘𖬮ᐢ (𖬮ᛁᐢ𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬔ᐢ) |
Thank you | Dōmas
Dōmades |
𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ᒢ.
𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊𖬒𖬰ɭᒢ |
You're welcome | Dōmehisatta | 𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ɭ𖬨ᛁ𖬖𖬁𖬳𖬳 |
Excuse me | Karansekeni / Karanseken / Karansee | 𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭ𖭑ᛁ / 𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭᐢ / 𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ⸠ |
Sorry | Kuben | 𖬭𐐢𖬇𖬰ɭᐢ |
Good morning | Tepan allaa | 良ᐢ 朝⸠ |
Good afternoon | Tepan katoo | 良ᐢ 昼⸠ |
Good evening | Tepan seikaa | 良ᐢ 夕⸠ |
Goodnight | Tepan nanshaa | 良ᐢ 夜⸠ |
Nouns
Nouns in Izaki can be declined in singular and plural forms. There are no genders, as male, female or neuter. All the names are genderless.
Plural Formation
In order to make the plural form, you need to prolong the last vowel of the name and add “n”. If the name already ends by a long vowel, just a n is added. If a noun ends in a consonant, see the rules.
Nouns ending by vowel:
Meaning | Singular (nominative) | Plural (nominative) |
water | miwa (水) | miwaan (水⸠ᐢ) |
fire | hunui(火) | hunuiin(火⸠ᐢ) |
man | suto (男) | sutoon (男⸠ᐢ) |
woman | natae (女) | nataeen (女⸠ᐢ) |
apple | sugua (檎) | suguaan (檎⸠ᐢ) |
forest | tsawa (森) | tsawaan (森⸠ᐢ) |
rice | konu (米) | konuun (米⸠ᐢ) |
freedom | jiyu (自由) | jiyuun (自由⸠ᐢ) |
nation | kukka (國家) | kukkaan (國家⸠ᐢ) |
Noun ending by consonants:
In Izaki, due to phonological rules, words can only end by: -n, -s, -l, -r. Basically to make the plural form, you need to prolong the ending consonant, and recall once again the previous vowel.
Meaning | Singular (nominative) | Plural (nominative) | Remarks, exceptions |
surface | pyomyen(表面) | pyomyenne(表面𖭑ɭ) | |
law | pōrīs(法律) | pōrīsshi(法律𖬔ᛁ) | Izaki phonetics do not allow the /si/ syllable, which becomes /ʃi/ (shi). |
technology | gijus(技術) | gijussu(技術𖬖𐐢) | |
wave | moigon(波) | moigonno(波𖭑ᐤ) | |
leg | huinnon(脚) | huinnonno(脚𖭑ᐤ) | |
fennel | totsus(茴) | totsussu(茴𖬖𐐢) | |
insect | nās(虫) | nāssa(虫𖬖) | If the last vowel of the singular form is a long one (ā,ē,ī,ō,ū), in the plural form it will be a shortened vowel. |
love | saison(愛) | saisonno(愛𖭑ᐤ) | |
docking | rul(埠) | rullu(埠𖬈𐐢) | |
God of the Sea | kikk(𖬭ᛁ𖬘𖬳') | kikki(𖬭ᛁ𖬘𖬳ᛁ) | irregular word |
moral | tekeh(徳) | tekehte(徳𖬁ɭ) | irregular word |
Cases
Izaki Language operates on 8 cases (格⸠ᐢ kakuun).
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs need to be declined in most of the situations.
- Nominative (主格, shukaku): the case used for the main subject, or the topic of the sentence. In the dictionary the nouns are in the nominative form.
- Genitive (属格, zukkaku): to express the possession
- Accusative (対格, taikaku): the case used for the direct object of a transitive verb
- Dative (与格, yokaku): the indirect case of a destination recipient (to whom)
- Locative (処格, shokaku): the case used to express the static position
- Allative (向格, hyānkaku): the case used to express the direction (to the outside, until)
- Ablative (奪格, daskaku): the case used to express the origin (from where, from when)
- Instrumental (具格, gukaku): the case used to express the way or the instrument of an action (with something, using something), and also used to create other expressions using added ending suffixes.
The following tables shows how some example words declinate in the different cases at their singular forms:
Case/meaning | Addied stem (-V/-C) | water | tear | gate | wolf | opinion | day |
Nominative | - | miwa | tsokke | mua | tsaikis | wiken | kato |
Genitive | add -s/-us | miwas | tsokkes | muas | tsaikisus | wikenus | kados |
Accusative | prolong vowel1 | miwā | tsokkē | muā | tsaikisū | wikenū | katoo |
Dative | add -i | miwai | tsokkei | muai | tsaikishi | wikenni | katoi |
Locative | add -n/-un | miwan | tsokken | muan | tsaikisun | wikenun | kadon |
Allative | add -r/-ur | miwar | tsokker | muar | tsaikisur | wikenur | kador |
Ablative | add -l/-ul | miwal | tsokkel | mual | tsaikisul | wikenul | kadol |
Instrumental | see below | miwae | tsokkei | muae | tsaikiso | wikeni | katou |
1: if the noun already ends by a long vowel, the accusative keeps the same as the nominative.
2: in the genitive, locative, allative and ablative cases (strong cases), nouns ending by vowel see a change in the last consonant, which becomes a sonorant if originally was k, p, ch, t, f, r, ts, sh (this doesn’t happen with double consonants). This phenomenon is called sonorisation of strong cases (強格濁音化).
Eg: lota (sheet) > lodas, taito (diary) > taidon, dasa (trunk) > dazas, niki (tower) > nigis
However, this doesn't happen when the last consonant is preceded by h or s:
E.g. dahkei (precipice) > dahkein, juska (son) > juskas
The instrumental
The instrumental case can be created using the “vowel progression system”, and the rule is easily observable by each vowel ending words:
- Words ending in a: add an -e
- Words ending in e: add an -i
- Words ending in i: add an -o (a diphthongization happens, so the word end changes to -yo)
- Words ending in o: add an -u
- Words ending in u: add an -a (a diphthongization happens, so the word end changes to -wa)
- Words ending in consonant follow the same vowel progression rule as above, but the ending consonant doubles
Meaning | Nominative | Instrumental | Notes |
water | miwa | miwae | |
hill | oboe | oboei | |
river | sāri | sāryo | i+o contract in “yo” |
color | ahiro | ahirou | |
bear | usumu | usumwa | u+a contract in “wa” |
employee | shawin | shawinno | |
beetle | tendattan | tendattanne | |
Seoul | Soul | Soulla | |
life | seikwas | seikwasse |
Note: words already ending with a diphthong keeps behaving the same, except for V+”o” ending nouns:
Meaning | Nominative | Instrumental | Remarks |
lightning | sasatsai | sasatsayo | |
bell | akau | akawa | |
neck | kea | keae | |
tusk | nekīkei | nekīkeyo | |
mushroom | hingao | hingō* | -ao ending names change the last “ao” to “ō” |
port | sāreo | sāreu | -eo ending names change the last “eo” to “eu” |
glass | tassuo | tassū | -uo ending names change the last “uo” to “ū” |
actor | haiyū | haiyūa | -long u ending names just see an added "a" |
Derived cases
From the instrumental stem, by adding other particles, you can create some sub-cases.
- Comitative (with): -te (miwaete, with the water; tendattannete, with the beetle)
- Translative (to become): - nde (sāryonde, to become a river, jiyuande, to become free)
- Dedative (about): - nkai (ahirounkai, about the color; )
- Abessive (without) -ttan (saisonuttan, without love; gijussattan, without technology)
Another case, the istructive, is made by the dative bases:
- Istructive (with the mean of): - hte
Example sentences
I live in Sainðaul
Nai Sainðaulun paen. (我 作安崎𐐢ᐢ 住𖬮ɭᐢ)
The books of the student are in the classroom.
Hakuseis kinoon kyoshisun yohan.(学生之 冊⸠ᐢ 教室𐐢ᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ)
Anna ordered two novels.
Anna shosessē kantsul chubun teki. (𖬮ⲅ𖭑 小説𖬖ɭ⸠ 二𖬑𐐢ᐡ 注文𖬁ɭ𖬭ᛁ.)
Plural cases
The formation of the plural cases sees the presence of a thematic "i" inserted between the root of the word and the case ending:
Case/meaning | Addied stem (-V/-C) | water | tear | gate | wolf | opinion | day |
Nominative | prolong last vowel and add -n/double the last consonant, and repeat the preceding vowel | miwaan | tsokkeen | muaan | tsaikisshi | wikenne | katoon |
Genitive | add -is/-es | miwais | tsokkeis | muais | tsaikises | wikenes | katois |
Accusative | add -ita/-ta | miwaita | tsokkeita | muaita | tsaikista | wikenta | katoita |
Dative | add -hi | miwahi | tsokkehi | muahi | tsaikisshi | wikenhi | katohi |
Locative | add -in/-en | miwain | tsokkein | muain | tsaikisen | wikenen | katoin |
Allative | add -ir/-er | miwair | tsokkeir | muair | tsaikiser | wikener | katoir |
Ablative | add -il/-el | miwail | tsokkeil | muail | tsaikisel | wikenel | katoil |
Instrumental | add -i after the singular instrumental | miwaei | tsokkeii | muaei | tsaikisoi | wikenii | katoui |
Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns in Izaki language, are the following:
Sing. | Plur. | |
1st | Nai | Naiin (exclusive), Nahu (incl.) |
2nd | Sai / Kisai | Saiin / Kisaiin |
3rd | Han | Hannu |
The 2nd person gets an honorific form by adding “ki” (貴) as a prefix
Case conjugation:
Case | |||||||
Nominative | nai | sai | han | naiin | nahu | saiin | hannu |
Genitive | naiyo | saiyo | haiyo | nakiyo | nahuyo | sakiyo | hanniyo |
Accusative | naka | saka | haka | naika | nahka | saika | hannika |
Dative | nakai | sakai | hakai | naikai | nahkai | saikai | hannikai |
Locative | nain | sain | hain | nakin | nahkin | sakin | hannun |
Allative | nair | sair | hair | nakir | nahkir | sakir | hannur |
Ablative | nail | sail | hail | nakil | nahkil | sakil | hannul |
Instrumental | nayo | sayo | hane | nakyo | nahkyo | sakyo | hannwa |
The genitive, accusative and dative forms have also a suffix variation which can be put at the end of a noun or as a suffix of a verb:
Case | |||||||
Genitive | -ne | -se | -he | -nehe | -nuhe | -sehe | -hese |
Accusative | -ni | -shi | -hi | -nki | -nhi | -ski | -heshi |
Dative | -na | -sa | -ha | -nka | -nha | -ska | -hasa |
Genitive suffix
My computer: Naiyo dyensanki - or - dyensankine
His wallet: Haiyo ðaifu - or - ðaifuhe
Their house: Hanniyo futaka - or - futakahese
Your smile: Saiyo hamiku - or - hamikuse
Accusative suffix
The accusative suffix is used after a verb when the direct object of it is a personal pronoun.
I call you tomorrow: Nai akae nakonshi (also Nai akae saka nakon)
She invited you (pl) to the party: Han uiraben chadoiski (also Han saika uiraben chadoi)
I love you: Nai saisonshi (also Nai saka saison)
Accusative suffix with reflexive verbs
Certain verbs are called reflexive, as the action gets back to the subject. In these cases, the accusative suffix has to be used.
I get up (I wake up myself): Nai tashidonni.
He washes himself: Han jibehi.
They wore up in a hurry: Hannu dunese tapukeeheshi. (eehe is often pronounced “ppe” in the spoken language > tapukeppeshi)
(due to the repetitive eehe in reflexive verbs in the 3rd plural conjugation, the ēheshi suffix often gets contracted to ppēs, especially in spoken Izaki: “(Hannu) Dunese tapukeppes.”)
Dative suffix
The dative suffixes can be attached at the end of the verb. Notice the changes when the verb conjugation ends by consonant.
He gives me some presents: Han kappareita tsotana.
Sanna sent you her ring: Sanna tamūhe ronusa.
They killed him: Hannu sazokeeha.
Possessing function
To express sentences such as “I have something”, the pronoun must be changed in the possession tense, which is as follow:
Standard form | Possessing form |
Nai 𖭑꜉ | Nara 𖭑𖬬 |
Sai 𖬖꜉ | Sara 𖬖𖬬 |
Han 𖬨ᐢ | Hara 𖬨𖬬 |
Naiin 𖭑꜉⸠ᐢ | Naira 𖭑꜉𖬬 |
Saiin 𖬖꜉⸠ᐢ | Saira 𖬖꜉𖬬 |
Hannu 𖬨ⲅ𖭑𐐢 | Hanara 𖬨𖭑𖬬 |
Structure: Pronoun in possessive form, owned object, to be verb (conjugated according to the number of the owned thing(s)).
I have a bicycle: Nara jityensha yo. (𖭑𖬬 自轉車 ꓩ𖬮)
She has many clothes: Hara tasun chuneen yoo. (𖬨𖬬 多ᐢ 衣⸠ᐢ ꓩ𖬮⸠.)
You don’t have any pride: Saira nasheen euna yona. (𖬖꜉𖬬 什⸠ᐢ 誇 ꓩ𖬮𖭑.)
For nouns different than the personal pronoun, dative case shall be used for the person/object who owns something:
Kaoto has two cars: Kaotoi takama kanki yoo.(敢斗𖬮ᛁ 車 2基 ꓩ𖬮⸠.)
Prepositions of place
Rule: change the name in the genitive case, followed by the position particle in locative case
Meaning | Izaki | Writing | Example (with the words “table” (sawohi) and “” (house) |
---|---|---|---|
In front | adae | 向 | sawohis adaen |
Behind | odae | 後 | sawohis odaen |
On | uino | 上 | sawohis uinon |
Over | swori | 𐩪𖬖𖬬ᛁ | sawohis sworin |
Under | teano | 下 | sawohis teanon |
Below | kauri | 𖬭'𐐢𖬬ᛁ | sawohis kaurin |
Next to | muje | 横 | sawohis mujen |
Inside | juitte | 中 | futagas juitten |
Outside | toku | 外 | futagas togun |
Nearby | haikan | 近ᐢ | futagas haikanun |
Far from | nantan | 遠ᐢ | futagas nantanun |
Verbs
All izaki verbs end by -su (𖬖𐐢), and the part preceding it is the verb stem.
Verbs are conjugated according to the 6 pronouns and in different tenses.
Verb to be (yosu, ꓩ𖬮𖬖𐐢)
Yosu verb is the most important one in izaki language, as it is needed to create sentences like “subject” is “copula”, or for existence sentences, such as “there is something”.
Personal Pr. | PRESENT | PRESENT
NEGATIVE |
SIMPLE PAST | SIMPLE PAST
NEGATIVE |
Nai | yon | yonan | yoin | yonain |
Sai | yos | yonas | yois | yonais |
Han | yo | yona | yoi | yonai |
Naiin | yonne | yonanne | yoinne | yonainne |
Saiin | yosse | yonasse | yoisse | yonaisse |
Hannu | yohan | yonahan | yoihan | yonaihan |
As one can see, the conjugation rule is easy: -n for the first person, -s for the second, just the verb stem for the third.
For the plural pronouns, you add “nne” for “we”, “sse” for you (plural), and “han” for they.
To create the negative form, just add “na” after the stem, and conjugate accordingly.
For the simple past, add the past theme “i” after the stem, and for the simple past negative, add “nai”.
Example sentences
I am a man ( I - man - am): Nai suto yon (我ᛁ 男 ꓩ𖬮ᐢ)
They are doctors. (They - doctor - s - are) Hannu satsaan yohan. (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 博⸠ᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ)
There was a bird in the house. (House - in - bird - was) Futakan fuwo yoi. (舎ᐢ 鳥 ꓩ𖬮ᛁ)
For the formal form of the verb, used when talking about yourself, or in general, to people who are not your acquaintances, or in situations requiring formality, the suffix “ra” (𖬬) has to be added before the person ending.
Example sentences
I am a teacher (formal): Nai hagiuppaya yoran. (我ᛁ 教𖬮𐐢𖬇𖬳者 ꓩ𖬮𖬬ᐢ)
Are you a researcher?: Kisai kenkyunsha yoraska? (貴你ᛁ 研究者 ꓩ𖬮𖬬ᒢ𖬭?)
Other verbs
Izaki verbs can be divided in two groups, according to their ending:
- Ending by CV + su (Group 1)
- Ending by VV + su (Group 2)
- Ending by consonant (n, s, l, r, k, h) + su (Group 3)
Present tense
Group 1
Verbs of this group always end with -asu, -esu, -isu, -osu, -usu. The vowel before “su” is always a short vowel.
To get up | To fly | To speak | To run | To ask | |
Personal Pr. | Tashidosu | Nulbisu | Rihtasu | Rigusu | Kieresu |
Nai | tashiton | nulbin | rihtan | rikun | kieren |
Sai | tashitos | nulbis | rihtas | rikus | kieres |
Han | tashito | nulbi | rihta | riku | kiere |
Naiin | tashitonne | nulbinne | rihtanne | rikunne | kierenne |
Saiin | tashitosse | nulbisse | rihtasse | rikusse | kieresse |
Hannu | tashitohan | nulbihan | rihtahan | rikuhan | kierehan |
You can notice the personal pronoun endings:
- -n
- -s
- verb stem (just drop “su”)
- -nne
- -sse
- -han
Example sentences
She speaks izaki: Han izakii rihta. (彼 華邦語⸠ 話𖬁)
We run to our house. Naiin futakarnehe rigunne. (我ᛁ⸠ᐢ 舎ᣗ𖭑ɭ𖬨ɭ 走𖬭𖬰𐐢ⲅ𖭑ɭ)
Mr. Rihasamo asks (to her) her name. Rihasamo tana nakoriihe kiereha, (高山 殿 名ᛁ⸠𖬨ɭ 尋𖬬ɭ𖬨)
Group 2
Verbs of this group always end by -asu, -esu, -isu, -osu, -usu. Before the suffix “su” there is a long vowel or two vowels. The present tense is basically the same as the group 1.
To drink | To hit | To rotate | To open | To start | |
Personal Pr. | Eisu | Seosu | Minbaesu | Muiyasu | Pwikausu |
Nai | Ein | seon | minbaen | muiyan | pwikaun |
Sai | Eis | seos | minbaes | muiyas | pwikaus |
Han | Ei | seo | minbae | muiya | pwikau |
Naiin | Einne | seonne | minbaenne | muiyanne | pwikaunne |
Saiin | Eisse | seosse | minbaesse | muiyasse | pwikausse |
Hannu | Eihan | seohan | minbaehan | muiyahan | pwikauhan |
You can notice the personal pronoun endings:
- -n
- -s
- verb stem
- -nne
- -sse
- -han
Example sentences
Who opens the window? Naga tekaa muiyaraka? (誰 窓⸠ 開𐭘𖬮𖬬𖬭)
When do you start the game? Estin appii pwikauraska? (𖬮ɭᒢ𖬁ᛁᐢ 娯⸠ 始𖬮𐐢𖬬ᒢ𖬭)
They rotate the handle. Hannu rimeroo minbaerahan. (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 舵⸠ 回𖬮ɭ𖬬𖬨ᐢ)
Group 3
The verbs in this group end by "-su", preceded by a consonant that usually is n, s, and sometimes h, k (rare), l, r. To conjugate this group verbs, it is necessary to check which vowel comes before the consonant, and apply the vowel transition pattern.
- Last vowel before Csu a: becomes e
- Last vowel before Csu e: becomes i (remember that "si" sound becomes "shi")
- Last vowel before Csu i: becomes o
- Last vowel before Csu o: becomes u
- Last vowel before Csu u: becomes a
According to the ending of the verb, each sub-type has the following last stem consonant changes:
- -assu/essu/ossu/ussu verbs: asse/esshi/ossu/ussa + personal pronoun endings
- -issu verbs: isshi + personal pronoun endings 1
- -Vnsu verbs: VnnV + personal pronoun endings
- -Vhsu verbs: VppV + personal pronoun endings
- -Vlsu verbs: VllV + personal pronoun endings
- -Vksu verbs: VkkV + personal pronoun endings 2
- -Vrsu verbs: VryV + personal pronoun endings
* V: vowel
1: -issu verbs, such as numersu (to tow) change their stem into "numerī-" (numerīn, numerīs, numerī...)
2: -ersu verbs, such as numersu (to tow) change their stem into "numerī-" (numerīn, numerīs, numerī...)
The personal pronoun endings are the same as the other types
- -n
- -s
- only conjugation stem (the most intuitive way is to cut “-n” from the first person)
- h+verb stem last vowel+n
- h+verb stem last vowel+s
- h+verb stem last vowel
To push | To try | To twist | To listen | To scrub | To convince | To paint | |
Pers. Pr. | Jissu | Tsurahsu | Yokansu | Odensu | Tederiksu | Sonomulsu | Kichoarsu |
Nai | jisshon | tsurappen | yokannen | odennin | tederikkon | sonomullan | kichoaryen |
Sai | jisshos | tsurappes | yokannes | odennis | tederikkos | sonomullas | kichoaryes |
Han | jissho | tsurappe | yokanne | odenni | tederikko | sonomulla | kichoarye |
Naiin | jisshonne | tsurappenne | yokannenne | odenninne | tederikkonne | sonomullanne | kichoaryenne |
Saiin | jisshosse | tsurappesse | yokannesse | odennisse | tederikkoisse | sonomullasse | kichoaryesse |
Hannu | Jisshohan | tsurappehan | yokannehan | odennihan | tederikkohan | sonomullahan | kichoaryehan |
Example sentences
She listens to the new track. Han suyon kyukuu odenni. (她 新ᐢ 曲⸠ 聴ⲅ𖭑ᛁ.)
We paint the back of the house. Naiin futagas odae kichoaryenne. (我⸠ᐢ 家ᒢ 後 塗ꓶ𖬬ⲅ𖭑ɭ.)
I change my child's diaper. Nai mitogosne hucharii puhannen. (我 子ᒢ𖭑ɭ 𖬨𐐢𖬐𖬬ᛁ⸠ 変ⲅ𖭑ɭᐢ.)
Negative stem
By changing part of the verb suffix, you can create the negative form of the verb.
Yosu (to be) verb: yonasu (add “na” (無, but usually written as 𖭑) between the stem and the ending)
Group 1:
Tashidosu > tashitonasu (tashitonan, tashitonas, tashitona…)
Rihtasu > Rihtanasu (rihtanan, rihtanas, rihtana...)
Rigusu > Rikunasu (rikunan, rikunas, rikuna…)
Group 2
Eisu > Einasu (einan, einas, eina…)
Seosu > Seonasu (seonan, seonas, seona…)
Muiyasu > Muiyanasu (muiyanan, muiyanas, muiyana....)
Rule: for both groups 1 and 2 verbs, to create the negative stem, just add “na” before the -su ending, and conjugate the new verb as a group 1 verb.
Group 3
Jissu > Jisanasu (jisanan, jisanas, jisana…)
Tehossu > Tehosanasu (tehosanan, tehosanas, tehosana)
Tsurahsu> Tsurahnasu (tsurahnan, tsurahnas, tsurahna...)
Muppuhsu> Muppuhnasu (muppuhnan, muppuhnas, muppuhna…)
Yokansu > Yokannasu (yokannan, yokannas, yokanna...)
Chozinsu > Chozinnasu (choziwanan, choziwanas, choziwana…)
Tederiksu > Tederīnasu (tederīnan, tederīnas, tederīna…)
Bakkomaksu > Bakkomānasu (bakkomānan, bakkomānas, bakkomāna…)
Sonomulsu > Sonomūnasu (sonomūnan, sonomūnas, sonomūna…)
Nyukilsu > Nyukīnasu (nyukīnan, nyukīnas, nyukīna…)
Kichoarsu > Kichoānasu (kichoānan, kichoānas, kichoāna...)
Otarsu > Otānasu (otānan, otānas, otāna…)
See here the rule in detail:
- ssu verbs: insert “ana” between the -s ending stem and the -su suffix. In this case, the negative infix is always “ana”, regardless of the last stem vowel
- hsu verbs: just add “na” between h and -su suffix.
- nsu verbs: just add “na” between n and -su suffix
-ksu/lsu/rsu verbs: remove k/l/r, prolong the previous vowel and add “na” before the -su suffix
Verb group | Negative particle | |
Group 1 | na (𖭑) | |
Group 2 | na (𖭑) | |
Group 3 | -ssu verbs | ana (𖬮𖭑) |
- hsu verbs | na (𖭑) | |
- nsu verbs | na (𖭑) | |
- ksu/lsu/rsu verbs | long vowel + na (⸠𖭑) |