Kojo

Kojo (kodʑo) is an unitary, parliamentary and constitutionally democratic republic located in the south-east of Uletha, bordering the Sound of Pa in the south and Ataraxia in the west. Despite a history dating back to the stone age, Kojo itself came into being as a unified nation state only in 1668.

Kojo fa Uleta so akudyong bue, aku máre Taman'yumi fā, limbē máre Atarakkusī fā kokkyōyu assoldaeki, hakkedaeki, sāmahandodaekimen demomínzudaeki jōbunmyeru ku. Karetaki hyeto lishi kāwaryuzu, Kojo tte assol'yora'e azaggumyeru 1668 [kau-wera-tōku-wera-cchen-uttari] ní yéri aruemeru.

Republic of Kojo Kojo Jōbun-Myeru
Flag
Loading map... {"tileLayer":"//{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png","attribution":"\u0026copy; \u003Ca href=\"http://osm.org/copyright\"\u003EOpenStreetMap\u003C/a\u003E contributors","center":{"lat":36.129,"lon":118.312},"zoom":"5","maxzoom":"16","minzoom":"3"}
Capital and largest city	Pyingshum
Official languages	Kojoshi
Demonym	Kojolese
Government	Parliamentary Republic
Area
• Total	267,630 km2
Population
• Census (2014)	40,000,000
• Density	149/km2
GDP (PPP)	2020
• Total	2,314,375,000,000 Int$
• Per capita	57,850 Int$
HDI (2015)	0.903 very high
Timezone	+7 h (no summer time)

Natural Geography

Human Geography

Kojo's population is highly concentrated in the country's urban areas, with almost half of its inhabitants living in cities proper of 100 000 or larger and nearly a quarter in the capital alone. The eastern half of the country, where rivers running from the mountains to the sea provide water for year-round agriculture and easy transportation of goods, is much more densely populated than the western half. The river Kime and the coast are the two most important axes of population centers.

City name	inhabitants	comment	Region
Pyingshum	8,600,000	capital and primate city	Pyingshum-iki
Finkyáse	2,435,600	second largest urban area	Fóskiman-iki
Kippa	1,820,000	manufacturing center	Gyoéng'guffe-iki
Jaka	1,210,000	international harbor	Pacchipyan-iki
Yoyomi	1,200,000		Wāfyeíkko-iki
Busakyueng	840,000		Kyoélnain-iki
Womenlū	780,000		Fóskiman-iki
Kwaengdō	760,000		Cheryuman-iki
Wenzū	650,000		Wāfyeíkko-iki
Manlung	590,000		Lainyerō-iki
Oreppyo	580,000		Lainyerō-iki
Hetta	440,000		Pacchipyan-iki
Ántibes	400,000	High-class holiday destination	Fóskiman-iki
Kahyuemgúchi	370,000		Pyingshum-iki
Nároggul	355,000		Degyáhin-Kibaku Yuwantsūm-Shikime-iki
Góhomi	340,000	many sanatoriums and health resorts	Kyoélnain-iki
Geryong	320,000		Sappaér-iki
Kari	310,000		Wāfyeíkko-iki
Arákkanai	264,000		Wāfyeíkko-iki
Ojufyeng	260,000		Pacchipyan-iki
Rō	255,000	Historic town on hillside, holy city of the faith Gitaenhōlyuē	Rō-iki
Zúkshi (Fóskiman h.)	235,000		Fóskiman-iki
Leshfyomi-sul	225,000		Degyáhin-Kibaku Yuwantsūm-Shikime-iki
Toefyei	225,000	Receiver of the title "Kojo's most boring city" for eight years in a row	Wāfyeíkko-iki
Toribiri	220,000	winter sports destination	Nainchok-iki
Tsuyenji	220,000		Cheryuman-iki
Kimelíngsan-shu	215,000		Gyoéng'guffe-iki
Tamrong	210,000		Gyoéng'guffe-iki
Formajiá	200,000		Pyingshum-iki
Igilaē	195,000	seat of the Constitutional Court	Gyoéng'guffe-iki
Tinglyū	194,000		Chin'yaku-iki
Unzai	165,000		Kyoélnain-iki
Chin-Jōrin	150,000		Nainchok-iki
Īme	150,000		Chin'yaku-iki
Laófil	135,000		Pyingshum-iki
Rajjihaim	135,000		Gyoéng'guffe-iki
Shangmē	135,000		Nainchok-iki
Láoféi	130,000		Gyoéng'guffe-iki
Palda	120,000		Lainyerō-iki
Zúkshi (Cheryuman h.)	115,000		Cheryuman-iki
Línai	110,000		Chin'yaku-iki
Makalasueng	105,000		Kyoélnain-iki
Jippun	105,000		Lainyerō-iki
Kōnil	100,000		Lainyerō-iki

Governance

Kojo is an unitary, parliamentary and constitutional republic. The Constitution of the Republic of Kojo divides the government into three branches: the legislative (parliament), the executive (president and chancellor) and the judiciary (courts). The "Administration" is often cited as the fourth, hidden pillar of the republic, because it often exhibits a life on its own and largely constitutes a constant factor, even when elected governments change. For a detailed description and list of the spatial administrative division of the country, please refer to the main article: Administrative divisions of Kojo.

The President

The President (Gozóngchō ) is the head of state, elected by the presidential convention. His or her work composes of mostly representative tasks. For example, the President is the highest representative of the state, appoints Ambassadors, has to sign laws to formally enact them, and is a last instance of check for constitutionality in general. He or she serves for 7 years and can only be re-elected once. He resides in the Presidential Mansion (Gozóngchō so Jaesan).

The Parliament

The nation's unicameral parliament, the Jōbunhakke, forms the legislative. It's elected by the people every 4 years via proportional representation (mixed-member). Besides passing laws, its members most importantly elect the Chancellor (Gankakuchō) at the beginning of every new term, and constitute one half of the presidential convention that elects the President.

Besides the Jōbunhakke, there is the National Municipalities' Council (Zággai Hāmaeltai Kókke, ZHK). It has a unique make up, as it is made up of representatives from the municipal level. Because it only has very limited functions it usually is not counted as a second chamber of parliament. The ZHK needs to approve laws that change the financial or power relationship between local and the national government, as well as changes to the constitution. In all cases when the ZHK does not approve a law or change to the constitution proposed by the Jōbunhakke, the Jōbunhakke can schedule a popular vote which in turn can overwrite the ZHK's decision. Since the constitution doesn't provide for any other mean of changing the constitution by popular vote, there have been cases in the past where the ZHK purposefully denied approval to such a law in order to enable a popular vote, even though its members themselves were generally in favour of the change, because the matter was deemed so important that the public should vote on it. The ZHK does not consist of elected officials; instead, every city (sur) and every rural district (hibu) has one vote. The votes can either be valued the same or carry voting power according to the population represented in the respective cities or rural districts, depending on the type of vote. The members of the ZHK also elect the second half of the presidential convention, which in turn elects the president. Representatives in the ZHK are usually non-political officials of the municipality they represent and are only reimbursed for their travel and other expenses. They are bound to vote as instructed by their municipality's government. For important votes it is common that mayors or other high-ranking local politicians come to Pyingshum to cast their municipality's vote. Historically, the ZHK was never intended by the fathers of the constitution when it was written in 1834. It formed as a sort of common lobbying institution for the municipalities, to represent their interests in national politics. When the constitution was thoroughly reformed in 1939 provisions about the ZHK and the types of laws that needed its consent were codified, but to this day it is not recognised as a second chamber of parliament.

The Chancellor

The Chancellor (Gankakuchō) is the head of government. He or she works in the Chancellery (Gankakuchō so Hyosilwe). The Chancellor appoints the rest of the government, namely the ministers, by formally suggesting them to the President, who then has to appoint them. The Chancellor is traditionally the single most influential person in politics, since he or she defines the guidelines of inner and foreign policy, despite being only 3rd after the president and the president of the parliament in official state protocol.

The Administration

A rather unique feature of the Kojolese political system is the emphasis on a strict border between the government and "The Administration" (Dáhano). The administration is often cited as the 4th division of power. While the executive branch such as the Chancellor and the Ministers are mostly focused on drafting laws and enacting policy in their respective fields, these policies are then executed by the various national, regional and municipal agencies. Although national and most regional agencies are under the supervision of the national government and municipal agencies are controlled by their respective municipality, the national and regional agencies often exhibit a life on their own. The interpretation and realisation of policies are strongly shaped by the administration's own way of doing things.

Career paths in the administration usually start in municipal agencies, with aspirants working their way up through the regional or national agencies. Very successful high school or university graduates are also sometimes recruited directly into higher ranks, especially after graduating from the prestigious and hard to get into School of Higher Administration (Kōkumin Ekól). It is estimated that among leadership positions in the regional and national administration (excluding the ministries themselves), ca. 60% have worked up their way from entry-level positions, 20% are Kōkumin Ekól graduates and another 20% are career changers who have worked outside of the administration for some time. Unlike in a lot of other democracies, the Kojolese constitution knows a number of cases where the passive suffrage is restricted: anyone employed in the national or regional administration cannot run for office in national elections for 5 years after their last day of employment, or 10 year for positions of leadership. Similarly, many municipalities also use their constitutional right to institute such regulations on a municipal level.

The following list only includes civil services provided by the national government and its regional embodiments. Municipal duties (such as garbage, public order offices, schooling infrastructure, public transportation etc.) and agencies not classified as part of the executive (such as the parliament administration or institutions relating to the courts' self-management) are not included. Besides a couple of executive functions that are not under the control of the Chancellor, most government activities fall under the Chancellor's or under one of his or her ministers' responsibility . The ministries oversee a lot of different agencies and services, to which they delegate most of the technical work and interaction with the public. Besides drafting laws, the ministries most importantly set policy guidelines for their subordinate agencies. On a regional level however, all agencies and services by the national government are also coordinated by the respective region's Prefect, who is appointed by the Chancellor. They are mostly responsible for managing everyday operations, advising the central government on regional matters, coordinating the agencies among each other and with the municipalities administration, appointing important leadership roles, as well as disaster relief and representing the central government in their region.

The most common name for institutions with nation-wide scope of action is Kyanfā ("Agency"). Regional institutions under national directive are called Sháchu ("Service"). Agencies which oversee regional services are amended with the prefix "Central" (Zóngshinkyanfā), while Agencies with no oversight over the corresponding regional Services (because they are directly controlled by the ministry as well) usually bear the title "National" (Zággaikyanfā). The aforementioned naming scheme only applies to the administration under the directive of the national government. City departments or offices are usually called buéro, while agencies instituted on the regional level but operating under the directive of the respective region's municipalities are called uelfā. While most agencies and services are referred to using an abbreviation of their full name in everyday use, there are inconsistencies regarding their long-name variants. While some names include grammatical particles to emphasizes their respective grammatical function (Shínchopō sum shárukanyaesói so Kyanfā, lit. "Agency for Protecting the Constitution"), other names do not (Oetsōno Kyanfā, lit. "Migration Agency").

List:

• Office of the Presidential bureau (Gozóngchō so Hyokyanfā, Pyingshum)
• National Auditing Authority (Zággai Búkinshutugēl Sanzyofā, Pyingshum)
• Constitution Protection-Agency (Shínchopō sum shárukanyaesói so Kyanfā (SHSHK), Pyingshum)
• Kojolese Central Bank (Kojo Zóngshin-weibyaeng, Pyingshum)
• National Archive (Zággai Altífōwe, Pyingshum)
• Chancellor (Gankakuchō, Pyingshum)
  • The Chancellery (Gankakuchō so Hyosilwe, Pyingshum)
  • Office of the Press Secretary
  • Officer of State for Digital Affairs
  • Officer of State for Relations with the Arkatsum Kingdom
  • 13 Prefects (Maekkyosil)
  • Ministry of the Interior (Būla so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for Administrative Issues
    • Central Police Agency
      • 13 regional Police Departments
    • Central Criminal Prosecution Agency
    • 22 Police Academies
    • Customs Office
    • Agency for Digital Security
    • Agency for Meteorology
    • National Agency for Monument and Landscape Conservation
    • 13 regional Monument and Landscape Conservation Services
    • 15 regional Archives
    • Agency for Migration (Oetsōno Kyanfā, Kwaengdō)
    • National Agency for Civil Protection and Disaster Prevention
    • Agency for Technical Assistance
      • 11 regional Technical Relief Services
    • Central Agency for Spatial Planning, Mapping and Interregional Cooperation (Wamzudamolno, Nomshusói ko Mijidōdaeki Kyakkai Zóngshinkyanfā, Jaka)
      • 13 regional Spatial Planning Services
    • Agency for Volunteer Service (Kámpō Ashkan Kyanfā, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for National Elections (Zággaitsūn Kyanfā, Unzai)
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sotta so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Foreign Intelligence Agency (Dózai-Tokapparyuē so Kyanfā (DTK), Pyingshum)
    • Agency for the Promotion of Kojolese Culture and Language Abroad
    • Embassies of Kojo abroad
  • Ministry of Finance (Búkinmolno so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for Financial Services Certification
    • National Agency for Taxation
    • 13 regional Taxation Services
      • xxx local collection offices (Búkinfā)
    • National Agency for Remuneration
    • 13 regional Remuneration Services
    • National Agency for National Asset Management
    • 13 regional Asset Management Services
  • Ministry of Defence (Fángri so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Military Counter-Intelligence Agency (Fanglyué-Jōto so Kyanfā (FJK), Pyingshum)
    • 2 Universities of the Armed Forces (Forsamé so Ōnagara, Pyingshum and Jaka)
    • Agency for Acqusition
  • Ministry of Justice (Héngyi so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Agency of Justice (Héngyi so Kyanfā, Pyingshum)
    • Central Agency for Consumers' Rights
      • 13 regional Consumers' Rights Services
    • Public Prosecutor's Agency
      • 13 regional Public Prosecution Services
      • 12 regional Penitentiary and Resocialisation Services
  • Ministry of Labour, Social Issues and Sports (Gōzo, Myingsamolno ko Taigi so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for Work
    • Ribal Kecskés Institute for Transmissible Diseases (Ribal Kecskéskaso roenglanzáu Yokkae nijúinde, Pyingshum)
    • Central Agency for Public Health
      • 12 regional Public Health Services
    • Agency for Drug and Medical Services Certification
    • Agency for the Advancement of Competitive Sport (Mankaidaeki Taigi so Yaeshittehīchon lui Kyanfā, Jaka)
      • 7 regional athletes' contact bureaus
    • Agency for Workers' Protection
    • Oversight-Agency for the five non-facultative insurance services
    • Care Agency
    • Agency for Family
    • Anti-discrimination Agency
    • Central Agency for Youth
      • 13 regional Youth Services
      • Media Inspection Agency
  • Ministry of Economic Affairs and Trade (Kishamolno ko Jijiyaengmolno so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for Patents and Trademarks
    • Agency for Statistics
    • Agency for Import and Export Monitoring (Jaka)
    • Cartell Agency
    • Agency for Food Safety
    • Agency for Caration and Standardisation
    • Agency for Mining and Pitmen
    • Agency for Professional Training
    • Agency for Funds Distribution and General Affairs
  • Ministry of Education, Innovation and Culture (Goakyan, Líno ko Tsungbon so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for Public Health Education
    • Agency for Political Education
    • National Library (Zággai Besoegawan, Pyingshum)
    • 21 Central Libraries
    • 5 National Museums (Jōbun-Showugan, "People's Museum": two in Pyingshum (History, Art), one in XX (Science and Technology), XX (Sport) and XX (Geology))
    • National Agency for the Coordination of Vocational Training
    • 13 regional bureaus for the Coordination of Vocational Training
    • Agency for Pre-natal care, Daycare and Preschool
    • Agency for Primary and Secondary Schooling
    • Oversight-Agency for Higher Education
    • Central Agency for Archaeology
      • 13 regional Archaeology Services
    • National Agency for Conservation of the Intangible
    • 13 regional Services for Conservation of the Intangible
    • Agency for Material Acquisition and Distribution
    • Kojolese Research Funding Society
  • Ministry of the Environment (Yultai so Naelnimyue, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for Nuclear Safety and Disposal
    • National Agency for Environmental Research
    • 13 regional Environment and Sustainability Services
    • Central Agency for Woodlands, Ranching, Hunting and Firearms
      • 12 regional Forestry and Ranching Services
      • 12 regional Hunting Services
      • 59 regional Firearm Services
    • Central Veterinary and Animal Welfare Examination Agency
      • 38 regional Veterinary and Animal Welfare Examination Services
  • Ministry of Infrastructure, Communication and Energy (Hīshíbyaeng, Denching ko Uzam so Naelnimyue)
    • Aviation Agency (A'érosaē so Kyanfā, Pyingshum)
      • Lower Agency for Air Traffic Control "Kojocontrol" (Aensaē Ishkel Bangfā, Pyingshum)
      • Lower Agency for Aircraft, Aerodrome and Personnel Certification (Aenlai, A'éropō ko Rinin so Shataeiyusói Bangfā, Pyingshum)
    • Agency for Waterways and Shipfare (Hún'gō ko Champyonsaē Kyanfā, Kippa)
    • Agency for Roads (Michi Kyanfā, Kippa; research institution)
    • National Agency for Planning, Construction and Upkeep of Motorways
    • 12 Regional Road Planning, Construction and Upkeep Services
      • XX motorway maintenance facilities (Kōfogótsu Zoékasóijo)
    • Road Approving Agency (licensed, private company owned by the government)
    • Motor Vehicles Admission Board (licensed, private company owned by the government)
    • Agency for Railway Infrastructure and Operation (research institution)
    • Agency for Railway Certification (licensed, private company owned by the government)
    • Kojo Railway Company (Kojo Hyengshō Sanan, non-licensed, private company owned by the government)
    • Agency for Signal Communication
    • Agency for Post Affairs
    • Agency for Energy Production, Subsidies and Emission Certificate Trade
      • Agency for dams and Hydroelectricity
    • Agency for the Power, Gas and Water Networks
    • Central Agency for Communication and Data Networks
      • 10 regional Data Networks Services
    • Agency for Passenger and Freight Transport (regulatory authority)

The Municipal Level

The Kojolese constitution clearly defines the scope of responsibility for the national government on one hand (handled by the agencies listed above), and the municipalities (surs and in the case of rural areas hibus and Pangs, each with their own respective administration) on the other. In general, laws and regulations are always enforced by the same level that also sets the relevant rules, with some exceptions (most notably devolved duties). The following list give an in-comprehensive overview over all kinds of public rights and duties, and on what level they are dealt with in the Kojolese political system:

Municipalities

• libraries, parks, sporting facilities, museums, swimming pools, cemeteries and other local amenities
• day-care, kindergarten, vocational schooling and training
• only buildings: schools, municipal courts
• local roads and public transport
• ordinances of public order (street music, gambling, drug use [not trade], outdoor advertising, cityscape)
• office of public order (speeding/parking tickets, noise complaints, littering)
• local spatial and urban planning
• building permits
• social housing
• social non-monetary services (youth and family welfare, care for sick and elderly)
• rental law
• healthcare
• local business, tourism etc. promotion
• fire fighting and local disaster relief
• record keeping (domicile, marriages, property ownership, ID issuing [devolved], vehicle registration [devolved])
• local power, water and gas provisions and telecommunication networks
• waste collection, cleaning
• local preservation
• culture and art
• volunteer services
• forestry, hunting, farming and environmental protection and services
• procedures for local elections
• execution of all elections
• matters of local administration (municipal personnel, administrative buildings and infrastructure)
• distribution of monetary social and employment services (devolved)

Municipalities can levy:

• fees (parking, transportation, waste collection, entrance fees, building permits...)
• taxes (immobile property, resource extraction, agriculture, additional sales taxes (only goods sold locally))
• get allocated: 15% of income tax of local residents, 10% of national av. of income tax; 50% of corporate tax of local businesses, 50% of national av.

Nation State
everything not dealt with one the municipal level, most notably

• foreign relations, trade and customs, defence
• law enforcement (police, corrective facilities)
• secret services
• judiciary (the courts)
• civil, criminal, financial, administrative, labour and constitutional laws except exemptions below
• social security and services (most of the execution devolved to municipalities)
• education (school syllabus and teaching personnel, all higher education)
• all infrastructure of regional or higher importance (regional roads, railways without trams or metros, all ports and airports, power transmission lines, pipelines etc.)
• national and regional spatial planning
• all taxation but municipal taxes

A municipal right or duty can be classified into one of three "classes of sovereignty". For example, a city's right to set the rules regarding its own elections (within the democratic principles of the constitution) or veto a change to its boundaries are core principals of municipal sovereignty. No law, even if accepted by all other municipalities in the lawmaking process, can strip a city of such rights. The only, though quite hypothetical way to amend this would be a change to the constitution passed by a two-thirds-majority in the Jōbunhakke, by a supermajority in the National Municipalities' Council ZHK (meaning that both more than half of all surs and hibus have to approve with them simultaneously representing at least half of the Kojolese population) and then approved by a popular vote.

One step further down the line there are the other constitutionally granted sovereignties. They include for example the types of taxes municipalities can levy, or what areas of law and public order they can regulate. To make changes related to such issues, a law must pass the Jōbunhakke with a simple majority, and the ZHK with a supermajority.

Lastly, there are laws that indirectly affect the municipal level (both regulatory and/or financially), but do not infringe on their sovereignties. Those include laws that change devolve administrative functions from the national government to the local governments, such as changes to the social welfare system which is in part carried out on the local level by the municipalities. Also, environmental laws that are enforced by municipalities or changes to education standards like installing electronic whiteboards (which would be paid for by the national government since it is part of schooling material, but the Wifi-infrastructure would need to be provided by the municipalities since they are responsible for the built infrastructure of the schooling system) would fall in this category. To pass, besides a simple majority in the Jōbunhakke, such laws need a so called common majority in the ZHK (meaning that surs and hibus representing at least half of the Kojolese population agree).

Due to the fact that municipalities are autonomous in regard to their internal affairs, there is wide variety in the way they structure their administration and politics. For example, there is an unmanageable diversity of local electoral law, especially among smaller towns and villages. While every municipality is bound by the democratic principles laid out in the constitution, they are free as to how to embellish them. Among exceptionally small villages it is common to elect a mayor by a majority vote, sometimes with and sometimes without run-offs, and to not have a local council elected alongside. Places that do elect local councils do so using many different kinds of voting procedures, from systems using electoral districts and a first-pass-the-post-approach to mixed-member proportionate party lists systems with multiple transferable candidate and list votes per voter.

The Regional Level

Kojo is a centralist state, with elections only taking place at the national and the municipal level. The intermediate regions ("Iki") form a stage for balance of interest and cooperation. The national government's (top-down) Iki-administration is headed by a prefect, who is sent by and represents the central government. The prefects execute the central government's policies in their respective regions, and controls the regional services (Sháchu). In the numerous areas overlapping with the municipalities' jurisdiction, the prefect frequently serves as a local negotiator. They are also responsible for imminent relief in the case of catastrophes and are only allowed to leave their Iki when instructed to do so by the central government. On the local side, municipalities coordinate their efforts on the Iki-level bottom-up to voice their interests to the national government and seize synergies. The degree to which this happens varies from region to region: in some, a large regional bureaucracy controlled by the region's municipalities does a lot of everyday administrative tasks, such as transit planning, preservation or healthcare. In others, those matters are dealt with by each individual municipality and their common regional administration only facilitates voluntary coordination and lobbying. For an in-depth explanation, please refer to the main article: Administrative divisions of Kojo.

The following list contains all 13 regions in Kojo with their name, population, size, population density and cities above 100,000 inhabitants (Prefects' seats in bold).

Name of Iki	Population	Area km² (land)	Pop. Density in./km²	Largest cities	OGF relation
Pyingshum-iki	12,449,000	11,952	1,041	Pyingshum, Kahyuemgúchi, Formajiá, Laófil	border
Kyoélnain-iki	1,815,000	41,170	44	Busakyueng, Góhomi, Unzai, Makalasueng	border
Cheryuman-iki	xxx,xxx	5,884	xx	Kwaengdō, Tsuyenji, Zúkshi (Cheryuman h.)	border
Degyáhin-Kibaku Yuwantsūm-Shikime-iki	xxx,xxx	10,025	xx	Nároggul, Leshfyomi-sul	border
Nainchok-iki	1,055,000	36,288	29	Toribiri, Chin-Jōrin, Shangmē	border
Sappaér-iki	678,000	7,484	91	Geryong	border
Fóskiman-iki	5,215,000	7,920	658	Finkyáse, Womenlū, Ántibes, Zúkshi (Fóskiman h.)	border
Lainyerō-iki	3,105,000	104,755	30	Manlung, Oreppyo, Palda, Jippun, Kōnil	border
Pacchipyan-iki	3,249,000	3,101	1,048	Jaka, Hetta, Ojufyeng	border
Rō-iki	255,000	73	3,502.7	Rō	border
Wāfyeíkko-iki	x,xxx,xxx	17,075	xx	Yoyomi, Wenzū, Arákkanai, Toefyei	border
Chin'yaku-iki	1,680,000	5,655	297	Tinglyū, Īme, Línai	border
Gyoéng'guffe-iki	3,420,000	19,876	172	Kippa, Kimelíngsan-shu, Tamrong, Igilaē, Rajjihaim, Láoféi	border

The Courts

Constitutional Court court of last appeal regarding interpretation of the constitution Shínchopō nijúinde Dattarān The Five National Courts courts of last appeal für ordinary, finance, labour, social and administrative jurisdiction Hizo Dattarān Regional Courts revisionary courts for all cases in their respective Iki Gōsaeidaran Municipal Courts entry courts for all but extraordinary cases, one per sur or hibu, sometimes with branch offices Munchipaldaran District Courts Pyingshum and Finkyáse only, one per Dengshō, in minor cases, replace Municipal Courts Shottarān

The courts, forming the judiciary, are independent. The supreme court and most courts of last appeal are situated in the city of Igilaē or in other cities throughout the country, to physically represent their constitutional distance from the other branches of government.

The constitutional court (Shínchopō nijúinde Dattarān, lit. "Jurisdiction about to the constitution", situated in Igilaē) has the last say in all controversies over the constitution. The other courts of last appeal are all responsible for a distinct area of law, and can be appealed to by anyone on any legal dispute after going through the lower stages in the court hierarchy. These so called national courts are:

• Tsōbolakān nijúinde Dattarān; supreme court of ordinary jurisdiction; usually concerned with issues of civil or criminal law, Finkyáse
• Búkinmolno nijúinde Dattarān; supreme court of financial jurisdiction; concerned with taxation, customs and public finances, Igilaē; not to be confused with the central auditing authority (Búkinshutugēl Sanzyofā) in Pyingshum
• Gōzomolno nijúinde Dattarān; supreme court of labour jurisdiction, Igilaē
• Myingsamolno nijúinde Dattarān; supreme court of social jurisdiction, Tinglyū
• Tōyo nijúinde Dattarān; supreme court of administrative jurisdiction; concerned with legal disputes about administrative acts, usually between citizens and the state or between different agencies, Láoféi

The lower courts are organised on a regional (Gōsaeidaran) and municipal (Munchipaldaran) level. In the two biggest cities, Pyingshum and Finkyáse, cases of civil law or other (minor) cases can be dealt with at even more local district courts (Shottarān) instead of at the municipal court. However when after the court's decision the ruling is appealed, the case then advances to the regional court and is not again heart at the municipal court. These district courts are usually responsible for one Dengshō each.

Transportation

Key Data

At 3.5 trips per day and person, Kojo has a comparatively high average mobility rate. Reasons include high female employment, age distribution and high division of labour. The average length of a commute from home to work is 11.7 km. At 410 passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants, car ownership in Kojo is lower than in other similarly developed countries. Mode share, that is the share of trips (not traffic volume) undertaken via a specific mode, varies strongly depending on urbanisation and other local factors. The diagrams to the right displays mode shares for all Surs in Kojo, i.e. cities larger than 100,000 inhabitants.

Spatial Planning

Spatial planning includes two interconnected tasks: to ensure a spatially comprehensive yet economical supply with public and private goods (from grocery stores over courts to department stores and major hospitals), and to plan the transportation network accordingly. In Kojo, spatial planning is carried out on the national level by the central government, and by the hibus and surs in cooperation with central government on the regional level.

It is based on the Central Place Theory which categorises settlements into four categories. This categorisation does not say anything about the political status of a settlement, but defines spatial planning goals about what kinds of goods and services should be available in that place. In a second step, there are nationally and regionally defined minimum accessibility thresholds, stating that from any inhabited place, one should be able to reach the nearest place of a given category in a set amount of time. Infrastructure is then planned accordingly. This process is under regular revision, with either transportation links being improved or, if deemed more feasible, placed being recategorised into higher categories to serve an underserved area. The four categories are:

• International Node (Mijizággai Noé): Metropolises that connect the region or nation to the international economy. In Kojo, only Pyingshum, Finkyáse, Kippa, Jaka, and Yoyomi fall into this category. Airfare infrastructure is concentrated on these cities, as well as international organisations or highly specialised service industries such as consulting.
• Higher Center (Hangshin): Cities that cover periodic needs, which includes amenities such as: cinema, large department store, hospital, a representation of the regional authority, theatre, higher education.
• Basic Center (Sōshin): Covers all necessities of everyday life. This includes for example: comprehensive options for grocery and some retail shopping, post office, bank, representation of the local authority (registering a car, collecting social benefits etc.), police station, local court, library, primary and middle schools, basic medical care.
• Phone Box (Denkan): Covers the basic necessities of everyday life. The name dates back to the early days of the telephone, when the government aimed to ensure that everyone should be able to reach a public telephone in the next village by bicycle. While those are now rendered obsolete by new technologies, Phone Box-Places still need to provide residents with a post box, a small shop to purchase the most basic food items and a bus stop served at least once daily.

Road

The road network is hierarchical, with the different types of roads indicating different design standards as well as which layer of government is responsible.

Class	Naming	Jurisdiction	Link function	Design standard and access	Mapping
Motorways Gimbye Kōfogótsu (lit. Gimbye Highclass road)	G ##	National Agency for Planning, Construction and Upkeep of Motorways	Long-distance	At least two lanes per direction with structural center-barrier. Grade-separate. Tolled with some exceptions in very rural areas. 120 km/h, local and temporal restrictions might apply.	Dark orange (two lanes per direction, trunk) or red (three+, motorway).
Other National Roads Dōdaeki Zóngtsūfogótsu (lit. Regional main through road)	D ###	12 Regional Road Planning, Construction and Upkeep Services (from the National Government)	Interregional	At least one wide lane per direction. 50/70/100 km/h. Can exhibit motorway-like design features on heavily used sections.	Orange (primary).
Regional Roads Dōdaeki Tsūfogótsu (lit. Regional through road)	I ###, numbers unique only in each region.	Road Agency of the respective Iki (from the municipal governments)	Regional	At least one wide lane per direction. 50/70/100 km/h. In rare cases exhibits motorway-like design features on heavily used sections.	Yellow (secondary).
District Roads Hibu so Tsūfogótsu (lit. District through road)	H ###, S ###, numbers unique only in each Hibu/Sur.	Road Agency of the respective Hibu/Sur.	Link between or through settlements.	At least one lane per direction. 30/50/70/100 km/h.	White, bold (tertiary).
Municipal Streets	Differs by municipality.	Road Agency of the respective Pang (in Hibus, unless dependent Pang), Sur (in Surs) or Dengshō (in Pyingshum and Finkyáse).	Access to adjunctive lots, no strong link function.	Must be passable. 30/50/70 km/h.	White (unclassified).

Airfare

Domestic air traffic plays only a minor role in Kojo's transportation system due to the country's size and an attractive road and rail infrastructure. The majority of domestic flights serve as feeder flights for onward international travel. The majority of international air traffic goes through one of the four national airports in Pyingshum, Finkyáse, Jaka and Yoyomi. These airports receive funding from the national government for capital investments, expressing their strategic importance to the nation's international connectivity. Kippa is the only city designated as an "international node" in spatial planning whose airport is not classified as a national airport. Its airport, like the other seven regional airports, are usually financed by the ikis and municipalities to boost local competitiveness. In total, Kojolese national and regional airports served 114 million passengers (departing and landing, domestic passengers counted twice) and handled 988,000 aircraft movements in 2019. Besides the four national and eight regional airports there are a large number of small airfields used for leisure (lózipō) or sporadic business flights.

	PAX (million)	Flight mov.	Runways	Notes
PSM	67.2	440,000	4	Largest passenger and freight volume
FIN	13.8	126,000	2
JAK	10.1	124,000	2	2nd largest freight airport
KIP	7.7	71,000	1	Largest LCC airport
YYM	7.0	72,000	3
BUS	2.0	31,000	1
KWD	1.8	31,000	1
WML	1.2	22,000	1
WNZ	1.1	21,000	1
TOR	0.9	24,000	1
MNL	0.9	21,000	1
ORP	0.3	5,000	1

KojAir is the largest airline operating in Kojo, and the only native airline of the country. As of 2021, it is the only operator of scheduled domestic flights in Kojo. Pyingshum International Airport is the airline's hub, most long-haul flights depart here. KojAir is a founding member of the OneSky airline alliance.

Economy

Key Data

Kojo has a diversified market economy. The nation's GDP amounts to a total of 2,314,375,000,000 Int$, 57,850 Int$ per capita (PPP, 2021). Its main exports are services, manufactured goods, especially a comparatively small array of highly specialised high-tech niche products, as well as a subset of high-value agricultural products. The primary, secondary and tertiary sector each contribute 1.1 %, 26.6% and 72.3 % to the economy.

The median income across Kojo is relatively even. Outliers to the top are the capital Pyingshum, Fóskiman-iki around Finkyáse with a very developed service industry and Pacchipyan-iki around the harbour city of Jaka. On the other end, the former industrial heart of the nation, Kippa, is still recovering from far-reaching structural change, and rural areas such as Lainyerō-iki and Degyáhin-iki can be found at the bottom of the table as well because these regions lack large urban centres of over-regional significance. Differences in cost of living readjust these differences to a small degree.

Currency

The national currency is called "Zubi". There is no further subdivision of the Zubi into a smaller unit. The following tables show all denominations, whether it is a coin or a paper bill, what it portrays on the back and front and what these images are supposed to represent:

Value	Form	Front	Back
1	Coin	Only number for the value	Small tree
2	Coin	Only number for the value	Small tree
5	Coin	Only number for the value	Small tree
10	Coin	Number with Globe in the background, cosmopolitanism	National coat of arms, patriotism
20	Coin	Number with Globe in the background, cosmopolitanism	National coat of arms, patriotism
50	Coin	Number with Globe in the background, cosmopolitanism	National coat of arms, patriotism
100	Bill	Arc of Unity (Dyenféi Kō) in Pyingshum, unity	Scene of Mountains in the background with a river meandering to the foreground, resembling the diversity in Kojo's landscapes (mountains, rivers, semi-desert, forest, farmland, coast)
200	Bill	Kids in a Kindergarten, pupils in a classroom, students in a lecture, education	Elderly resting in a garden, helping some adults with planting, being cared for, respect for the elderly
500	Bill	Soldiers in a battlefield, war	Wide landscape with villages scattered across; people come together to celebrate, peace
1,000	Bill	Ancient cave drawings showing stone tools from the stone age, history	Stylised scientific instruments, progress
5,000	Bill	King Surb Rēkku, unifier of the country, with his wife "the vein princess" Chihaya Nabun'ga from Hoppon, Hopponese influence	Map of Kojo, unity and sovereignty
10,000	Bill	Symbolic group of people, standing for the people's uprising in 1834 and the democratic revolution, democracy	The original copy of the constitution, with key words in large print, core values and constitutionality

The current exchanges rate is: 1 Zubi = 0.0435 Int$, 1 Int$ = 23 Z

Tertiary Sector

The Pyingshum Stock Exchange is the country's main stock exchange.

Energy

Final Energy Consumption - Overview

FEC by medium per year
Medium	Total [PJ]	Rel.	Per capita
Electricity (all sources)	1144,22	34,7%
Coal (non-electric)	130,58	4,0%
Gas (non-electric)	705,54	21,4%
Oil (non-electric)	637,15	19,3%
Renewable (non-electric)	311,94	9,5%
Long-distance heating	349,22	10,6%
Sum	3300	100,0%	82,5 GJ

FEC by source per year
Category	Subcategory	Abs. [PJ]	Rel.
Renewable	Biomass/-fuel	245,65	7,6%
	Hydroelectric	39,87	1,2%
	Solar	191,09	5,9%
	Geothermal	98,55	3,0%
	Wind	331,56	10,2%
Nuclear	-	183,08	5,6%
Fossil	Coal	331,96	10,2%
	Gas	827,98	25,5%
	Oil	650,88	20,0%
Long-distance heating	-	349,22	10,7%
Sum		3300,00	100%

FEC by sector per year
Sector	Abs. [PJ]	Rel.
Industry	1168,20	35,4%
Household	693,00	21,0%
Commerce&Services	762,30	23,1%
Transportation	676,50	20,5%
Sum	3300,00	100%

Final Energy Consumption - Medium per Sector

FEC of Industry by medium per year
Sector	Abs. [PJ]	Rel.
Electricity (all sources)	438,08	37,5%
Coal (non-electric)	128,50	11,0%
Gas (non-electric)	389,01	33,3%
Oil (non-electric)	17,52	1,5%
Renewable (non-electric)	67,76	5,8%
Long-distance heating	103,97	8,9%
Sum	1168,20	100%

FEC of Households by medium per year
Sector	Abs. [PJ]	Rel.
Electricity (all sources)	205,13	29,6%
Coal (non-electric)	2,08	0,3%
Gas (non-electric)	160,78	23,2%
Oil (non-electric)	90,78	13,1%
Renewable (non-electric)	125,43	18,1%
Long-distance heating	108,80	15,7%
Sum	693,00	100%

FEC of Commerce&Services by medium per year
Sector	Abs. [PJ]	Rel.
Electricity (all sources)	304,16	39,9%
Coal (non-electric)	0,00	0,0%
Gas (non-electric)	151,70	19,9%
Oil (non-electric)	100,62	13,2%
Renewable (non-electric)	69,37	9,1%
Long-distance heating	136,45	17,9%
Sum	762,30	100%

FEC of Transportation by medium per year
Sector	Abs. [PJ]	Rel.
Electricity (all sources)	196,86	29,1%
Coal (non-electric)	0,00	0,0%
Gas (non-electric)	4,06	0,6%
Oil (non-electric)	428,22	63,3%
Renewable (non-electric)	49,38	7,3%
Sum	676,5	100%

Electricity Production by source per year
Category	Subcategory	Abs. [PJ/a]	Rel.
Renewable	Biomass	93,83	8,2%
	Hydroelectric	26,32	2,3%
	Solar	191,09	16,7%
	Geothermal	1,14	0,1%
	Wind	311,23	27,2%
Nuclear	Nuclear	183,08	16,0%
Fossil	Coal	201,38	17,6%
	Gas	122,43	10,7%
	Oil	13,73	1,2%
Sum		1144,22	100,0%

Power Plants (Electricity)

List of all offshore wind parks and all onshore wind parks over 50 MW installed power:

Name	Installed Power (MW)	N. of Turbines	Off/Onshore
PH	1700	221	Offshore
PH	1520	196	Offshore
PH	1360	169	Offshore
PH	1350	178	Offshore
PH	880	126	Offshore
PH	880	126	Offshore
PH	620	86	Offshore
PH	570	79	Offshore
PH	490	70	Offshore
PH	400	59	Offshore
PH	400	63	Offshore
PH	390	55	Offshore
PH	340	56	Offshore
PH	330	54	Offshore
PH	330	54	Offshore
PH	330	61	Offshore
PH	320	52	Offshore
PH	300	50	Offshore
PH	290	51	Offshore
PH	280	46	Offshore
PH	280	40	Offshore
PH	270	42	Offshore
PH	270	41	Offshore
PH	210	38	Offshore
PH	190	38	Offshore
PH	180	37	Offshore
PH	170	31	Offshore
PH	150	40	Offshore
PH	150	35	Offshore
PH	120	26	Offshore
PH	90	40	Offshore
PH	90	29	Offshore
PH	50	28	Offshore
PH	45	15	Offshore
PH	30	10	Offshore
PH	210	62	Onshore
PH	200	101	Onshore
PH	160	52	Onshore
PH	120	71	Onshore
PH	110	52	Onshore
PH	100	60	Onshore
PH	90	34	Onshore
PH	90	68	Onshore
PH	80	33	Onshore
PH	80	62	Onshore
PH	80	30	Onshore
PH	70	68	Onshore
PH	70	56	Onshore
PH	70	41	Onshore
PH	70	50	Onshore
PH	70	29	Onshore
PH	60	39	Onshore
PH	60	28	Onshore
PH	60	26	Onshore
PH	60	26	Onshore
PH	60	26	Onshore
PH	60	59	Onshore
PH	50	20	Onshore
PH	50	42	Onshore
PH	50	37	Onshore
PH	50	32	Onshore
PH	50	19	Onshore
PH	50	18	Onshore
PH	50	52	Onshore
various <50 MW	19746	-	Onshore

List of all coal power plants:

Name	Installed Power (MW)
PH	1080
PH	960
PH1a	880
PH1b	880
PH	850
PH4b	800
PH	760
PH2a	750
PH	710
PH4a	700
PH	680
PH	630
PH	610
PH	600
PH	520
PH	520
PH2b	500
PH2c	500
PH	480
PH	450
PH	410
PH	360
PH	350
PH3a	350
PH3b	350
PH	340
PH	300
PH	260
PH	220
PH	110
PH	50
PH	50
PH	40

List of all nuclear power plants:

Name	Installed Power (MW)
PH1a	1410
PH1b	1410
PH	1250
PH3a	1200
PH	1130
PH2b	1100
PH3b	1100
PH2a	1100

List of all gas power plants over 100 MW installed Power:

Name	Installed Power (MW)
PH	1030
PH	960
PH	890
PH	840
PH	590
PH	590
PH	560
PH	500
PH	440
PH	440
PH	430
PH	430
PH	420
PH	420
PH	410
PH	410
PH	400
PH	360
PH	360
PH	350
PH	340
PH	290
PH	230
PH	200
PH	160
PH	160
PH	140
PH	140
PH	140
PH	120
PH	120
PH	120
PH	120
PH	110
PH	110
PH	100
various <100 MW	1700

List of all oil power plants over 100 MW installed Power:

Name	Installed Power (MW)
PH	360
PH	280
PH	280
PH	160
PH	120
various <100 MW	230

Tourism

Due to a wide variety of landscapes and cities, Kojo attracts numerous tourists from abroad and the country itself. In 2019, a total of 24 million travellers from abroad visited Kojo. They spent an average of 3.4 nights per visit, amounting to 81.6 million overnight stays. International travellers spent a total of 125.66 billion Int$, or 1,540 Int$ on average per night and guest (the average is inflated by a small number of affluent visitors who purchase expensive luxury and consumer products). An international traveller is defined as someone coming from abroad who stays for at least one night. Kojolese nationals undertook 189 million travels in total, 85 % of which (161 million) where inside the nation. On each inland trip they spent on average 4.4 nights away from home, or 707 million overnight stays in total. The difference to international visitors is largely due to the fact that a large portion of the national travel is leisure holiday; most national business travellers return home on the same day. On the other hand, international guests have a high share of business travellers staying only one or two nights, or city tourists that also stay only a handful of nights.

The most popular destination for leisure holidays - especially in the summer months - are the beaches in the south. Every stretch of coast is part of an officially named coastal region. They are used for marketing purposes, local identification or similar purposes, but do not indicate administrative boundaries. [MAP BEACHES] There is substantiate nature tourism in the mountainous north, with some areas like Toribiri and Góhomi even offering opportunities for winter sports during the winter months.

Education and Research

Schooling

Schooling career for pupils in Kojo

Kojo offers free education to all of its citizens. Visiting a school is mandatory up to the age of 16. Most parents (~85 %) send their 3-6 year-olds to public kindergarten. From the age of 5 1/2 to 6 1/2, children enter Káurēbi (primary school), which lasts 5 years. From grade 6 to 9 (4 more years) the pupils then visit Midirēbi (middle school). After middle school, the around 15 year old students decide whether they want to enter Zukkyamlu (vocational school) or continue to Shōminagara (similar to high school with a more academic focus), if they have an adequate grade average in year 8 and 9 and the final exams.

At a vocational school, students are introduced to job life by doing an apprenticeship and visiting school on a 30 % to 80 %-basis at the same time. Depending on the chosen training, they leave the Zukkyamlu after 2 to 4 years and enter the work force. Students who went to Zukkyamlu are not banned from university however. Especially in recent years it became more and more common to visit evening schools which allow Zukkyamlu graduates to enrol in university programmes fitting their practical training and job life.

Students who choose to attend Shōminagara pass through another 3 years of education, before they choose whether they now want to leave school and enter the work force with the option of visiting a limited number of subjects at university later on after a few years of job experience, or remain in school for 1 last years (grade 13). After finishing that last years and passing the end of the year exam in year 13, students are allowed to every subject universities offer, sometimes though limited by a certain average-grade threshold for very popular or demanding subjects. This score is calculated by weighting the results of year 12 at 1/4, the results of year 13 at 1/3 and the results of the final exam at 5/12.

Students are playfully introduced to a first foreign language from 3rd to 5th grade in Káurēbi (Primary school), usually Ingerish and sometimes Ataraxian. From grade 6 to 9 the pupils then visit Midirēbi (Middle School) where they continue their foreign language from primary school and also choose a second foreign language; either Ingerish or Ataraxian (mandatory to be offered at every middle school) or one of the other 11 official languages offered at middle school, of which every school must offer at least 2. Students going to a Zukkyamlu for vocational training can take language courses depending on their field of training, usually with a stronger focus on in-job application. At Shōminagara the amount of language classes a student takes varies between 1 and 3 depending on the course of study. Some private and especially international schools form exceptions.

Higher Education

Public universities (Ōnagara) are generally tuition free. About 10% of students study at private universities which charge tuitions, however their degrees are usually slightly less sought-after than degrees from public universities. Besides normal public and private universities, there are also a handful of special institutions under direct control of the government with special tasks, such as the Kōkumin Ekól (School of Higher Administration) or the Ginken Sobul (Institute for Free Research).

Most subjects are either offered on a Būmal (Bachelor, usually 3 years) and Zangákka (Masters, an additional 2 years) basis, or in some cases are only offered as a straight 5 years programme resulting in the title Rōka (Diploma). Students studying towards their first Būmal are classified as Undergraduates, students studying towards their first Zangákka are referred to as Graduates, and researchers with a Zangákka or Rōka degree working towards an Ōkarong (PhD) or similar are identified as Doctorals.

The following list contains all institutions of tertiary education in Kojo:

City	Name	Location	Date	Students	Undergrads	Grads	Doctoral	General Notes
Pyingshum	Ginjin Ōnagara	Various campi	1677/1837/1894	256,900	139,100	98,500	19,100	Largest Kojolese university
Finkyáse	Finkyáse Ōnagara	Various campi	1584	82,000	46,200	35,800	19,100
Kippa	Kippa Ōnagara	(Node TBA) Former Musical College	1959	39,900	26,700	12,400	800
Kippa	Kime Gigyōnagara	(Node TBA) Revitalised harbour area in the Old Northern Harbour	1976	38,600	22,100	13,400	3,100
Jaka	Chuso Azugáki-Folajji	North of New Town	1786	27,050	14,100	10,950	2,000	Very autochthonous uni with 4 competing houses, focused on sport
Jaka	Tampo-Joelgue Ōnagara	New town north of main station	1806	15,650	12,050	3,450	250
Rō	Rō Tōchuekyana Ōnagara
Yoyomi	Yoyomi Ōnagara	PH	1888	34,000
Yoyomi	Yoyomi Gigyōnagara	PH	1935	22,000
Pyingshum	Maeltsu Ōnagara	Raketéchonshae-Pang, Mezoérushi-Dengshō	1962	9,800				Private. Medical care, therapy and similar
Pyingshum	School of International Business Studies Pyingshum	Gankakuchō-Pang, Dosyaeng-Dengshō		4,600				Private, IBS and related subjects
Pyingshum	Maffyu-Taeldong Ōnagara	Dosō-Pang, Sasu-so-kyaeng-Dengshō		4,000				Private art and design school
Pyingshum	Doldae Ōnagara	-Pang, Kibō-Dengshō		2,200				The only other (public) sport university in Kojo (besides the well renown Jaka Chuso Azugáki-Folajji).
Pyingshum	Forsamé so Ōnagara - Pyingshum	PH	1971	2,100				One of two universities of the armed forces. Spread over two campi, Gaerié and Kanfel.
Jaka	Forsamé so Ōnagara - Jaka	PH	1942	1,300				One of two universities of the armed forces.
Pyingshum	Kōkumin Ekól	Building in the heart of Daiamondoshi-Pang	1850	~150				Elite school for the administration
Pyingshum	Ginken Sobul	Building in the heart of Daiamondoshi-Pang	1710/1877	N.A.				Special elite institution for post-doctoral research with no teaching responsibilities.

Graduates from tertiary education by field of study

Field	Number of students	% of students
social/business sc., law, economics		30.1
health & soc. services		18.8
engineering, manufacturing & construction		18.2
arts and humanities		12.0
nat. sciences, math &IT		11.5
teacher-training		9.3

BMS University Ranking

BMS University Ranking is an annual publication of university rankings and related publications by Bāraen ko Myanlyi so Sáratta (BMS, "Bāraen and Myanlyi's Rankings"). It is very influential and by far the most quoted source for higher education and research ranking in Kojo.

The Ōnagara so Sōbolsáratta ("General Overview Ranking of Universities", OS) ranks the top-20 universities in Kojo on a yearly basis. Its publication is of general interest in Kojo and often commented on even in national news. The ranking is calculated in a similar fashion to the field and subject rankings, however overall campus facilities, extracurricular activities, international reputation and more are also taken into consideration with a weight of 25%. For 2020 the ranking went as follows:

University Ranking (overall)
1	Ginjin Ōnagara (Pyingshum)
2	Chuso Azugáki-Folajji (Jaka)
3	Rō Tōchuekyana Ōnagara
4	Finkyáse PH
5	Kime Gigyōnagara (Kippa)
6	Yoyomi Ōnagara
7	Īme PH
8	Góhomi PH
9	Igilaē Uni PH
10	Kwaengdō Ōnagara

A small number of special institutions with limited public access are not included, for example the National Administration School or military academies. Because sport and P.E. is not assessed as a subject or represented in a field, the Chuso Azugáki-Folajji in Jaka does not show up in the field or subject ranking, despite being the centre of an Elite Research Cluster and the second best university overall.

BMS also publishes a more nuanced Field and Subject Ranking (Dómaen so Sáratta & Senka so Sáratta). The universities are assessed on 6 points for each field and subject:

• number/quality of published scientific papers (20%)
• employer/recruiter reputation (20%)
• campus and research facilities (20%)
• local connectivity to private businesses and research facilities, e.g. third-party funds (20%)
• student-teacher ratio (10%)
• share of international lectures and students in that field (10%)

Because often there are several degree programs at a university falling under one subject, the winner of a field overall is not always the university with the best-placed subjects individually. For example, although Ginjin Ōnagara VI doesn't rank as the very best in any Natural Science, because it has a very solid standing across all engineering and natural sciences it still ranks as the third best overall. In 2017 the ranking went as follows:

Field Ranking + Subject Ranking
Field, Subject	1	2	3
Natural Science	Kime Gigyōnagara (Kippa)	Unzai PH	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Mathematics, Science and Engineering)
Mathematics	Unzai PH	Finkyáse Ōnagara
Physics	Yoyomi Gigyōnagara
Chemistry	Kime Gigyōnagara (Kippa)
Biology	Hetta PH
Engineering	Kime Gigyōnagara (Kippa)
IT/Computer Science	Unzai PH	Finkyáse Ōnagara
Human Sciences	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Education, Pedagogy and Human Sciences)	Finkyáse Ōnagara	Rō Tōchuekyana Ōnagara
Anthropology	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Education, Pedagogy and Human Sciences)
Linguistics	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Languages, International Affairs and Culture Studies)
Culture Sciences	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Languages, International Affairs and Culture Studies)
History	Rō Tōchuekyana Ōnagara
Literature&Philosophy	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Literature, History and Philosophy)
Social Sciences	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Politics and Social Sciences)
Politics	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Politics and Social Sciences)
Pedagogy	Yoyomi Ōnagara
Social Work	Geryong PH
Medicine&Psychology	Góhomi PH	Yoyomi Ōnagara	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Medicine)
Medicine	Góhomi PH
Psychology	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Medicine)
Organisational Studies	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Law and Business)	Igilaē Uni PH
Law	Igilaē Uni PH	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Law and Business)	Kwaengdō Ōnagara
Business Studies	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Law and Business)	Busakyueng PH	Tampo-Joelgue Ōnagara (Jaka)
Economics	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Law and Business)
Public Administration	PH
Arts	Finkyáse Ōnagara	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Art, Music and Design)
Performing Arts	Finkyáse Ōnagara
Architecture	Kwaengdō Ōnagara
Painting
Design	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Art, Music and Design)

To recognise highly competitive and specialised study, research and business clusters, BMS has classified nine outstanding Elite Clusters in Kojo, each associated with a university, that are at the spearhead of international research and education in their field. Characteristics are, amongst others, a large amount of private capital, local business networks, international student and lecturer body, and in general an outstanding reputation on the national and international level. These clusters are, in alphabetical order of their city:

City	Cluster name (Ingerish)	Associated Research Facili(es)	Notes
Góhomi	Cancer and Hereditary Disease Research and Treatment Centre	Góhomi Uni PH
Finkyáse	International Fine and Performing Arts Collaborative	Finkyáse Uni PH
Hetta	Hetta Research Cluster for Bioengineering	Hetta Uni PH
Igilaē	Igilaē Committee for Kojolese and International Constitutional Law and Jurisdiction	Igilaē Uni PH	Igilaē is also seat of Kojo's highest courts.
Jaka	Competitive Sport, Education and Research Region Kime Delta	Chuso Azugáki-Folajji	Very autochthonous
Kippa	Mechanical Engineering Education and Research Cluster Kippa	Kime Gigyōnagara	Kippa is one of Kojo's traditional manufacturing centres; also leads BMS field ranking for "Science and Engineering"
Wenzū	Dento high-precision engineering research and development cluster	Wenzū Uni PH	Dento is Kojo's most valued single company, and high-precision engineering is arguably the most important export commodity
Pyingshum	Combined Intercultural Communication and Research Institutions	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Languages, International Affairs and Culture Studies)	Focused on the study of foreign cultures, languages, and cross-cultural understanding
Pyingshum	Ginjin Centre for Domestic and International Business and Economics	Ginjin Ōnagara (F. of Law and Business)
Rō	Kojolese Classical and Theological Studies Research Assoziation	Rō Tōchuekyana Ōnagara	In Rō the ancient Kojolese belief system is still worshipped
Unzai	Unzai Advanced Theoretical Mathematics Research Cluster	Unzai Uni PH

Research and Development

There are three main pillars for research and development conducted in Kojo: universities, the private sector and research institutions that are funded by public and private money to varying degrees.

At universities, research is being conducted in the form of theses writing and research projects funded either by public research grants or private enterprises etc. The BMS University Ranking endorses outstanding research clusters associated with specific universities.

Many large technology companies also operate private research and development subdivisions, aiming more at applied science than basic research, to improve their products and efficiency. Especially when dealing with highly sensitive matters that are at high risk of being divulged to competitors, the research of often exclusively conducted in-house and kept secret until patents are secured.

Lastly, there are a number of private research institutions, which are usually specialised on certain fields of expertise. They usually cooperate with companies, universities or apply for research grants or private projects. Besides a small number of unaffiliated or loosely cooperating research institutions, many belong to one of Kojo's three big science associations:

• Gaminchāsal-Ríkinassol, xx institutes mostly focused on applied science, such as manufacturing, pharmaceutical, computer science and more. ~30% publicly funded
  • Arákkanai: Sumaron Han'gara nijúinde Gaminchāsalkaso (Gaminchasal Institute for underwater technology)
  • PH
• Todei-Fússan-Ríkinwúhakkai, xx institutes mostly focused on basic science such as particle physics, space travel, mathematics and more. Emerged out of the consolidation of the PH and PH. ~70% publicly funded
  • PH
  • PH
• Gaeryong-Wúhakkai, xx institutes mostly focused on topics regarding the humanities. Named after an Historian. ~78% publicly funded
  • PH
  • PH

Population

Demographics

The birth rate is 1.56 children per women, less than the 2.1 needed for a maintaining the current population. However, since decades the total population has remained mostly constant due to immigration outnumbering emigration.

The incarceration rate is 72 people / 100,000 inhabitants.

[Age pyramid]

Religion

The native Kojolese religion is called Gitaenhōlyuē (from ancient Rōlese "gitenaly", "knowledge"), or Symvanism in Ingerish (from ancient Greek [ogf-vers?] "συμβάν" "symván", "event, happening"). Since the 18th century, the Kojolese faith had been in decline. Only about 0.6 % of the population (~1/4 of a million people) still pray to traditional Kojolese Gods and Goddesses. A notable exception is the city of Rō, where 37 % (~70,000) of the city's population still claim to adhere to this faith. Out of the 6.8 % of the total population who claim to "attend to a religion", the other 6.2 % are people with migration background that still hold the believe of their home country or parents. Christic denominations make up the largest collective, with 3,6 % of the population adhering to a Christic faith. Around 2 % of the population adhere to an Irfan faith.

The origins of the Symvanist faith are difficult to pin down. Its roots can be traced back as early as some tribal rites and traditions in the 2nd and 3rd century A.D. The oldest written records are from the 9th century, and the centralist organised religious community can be traced back to about the same time. There are three basic theological principles (called Shukkyubu) of the faith:

1. the idea that the universe spontaneously came into existence (with the creation of earth by Gods and Goddesses following later on)
2. that Gods and Goddesses are representations of fundamental principles of nature
3. the concept of veneration of events and places (and saints associated with them), especially in regards to noble human values.

Gitaenhōlyuē knows seven ministries (Hartolifūgen, also known as sacraments). The sacraments in their current form have been established mostly unchanged since about 400 years. Strictly speaking they do not need to be carried out by church officials but usually are. It's considered especially desireable to carry out each ministry at a temple dedicated to that ceremony. They are seen as important rituals to mark major transformations in life. Traces can be found in contemporary non-religious Kojolese culture as well, most notably at birth, marriage and death.

1. Baptism (Yeritatyaitchi): a ceremony where the newborn is ritually washed. It is similar to a christening, however in the Symvanist rite name giving plays no role. Many temples that fall into this 1st ministry are located at special water sources or wells.
2. Confirmation (Jínchō): carried out on youths around the age of 14. It forms the completion of a two-months-period of teaching about the Symvanist faith carried out by a layperson. The young believer is then, after their conscious decision, ritually welcomed to the Symvanist church. Shrines of the 2nd Ministry are often associated with deeds of loyalty, fidelity and faithfulness.
3. Remission (Kōkai): begins with a meditation of the sinner, who then writes their deeds out on paper and what they did to reimburse the aggrieved. They then proceed to burn these notes, usually in special fire places in the appropriate temple, and hope that the Gods grant forgiveness. It is one of two Sacraments that are not dedicated to a specific and single point in life.
4. Marriage (Harsanīgi): Symvanism places high value on the ritualised bonding between a man and a woman. However, quite opposite to other customs, marriages need to occur after a child is born. The father and the mother then, together with their first child (later children are automatically included, although sometimes separate rituals are held for them as well), create a "family". It is important to note that every individual is only allowed to be in one of these "families" at any given time, meaning children leave their parents Harsanīgi when and only when they themselves marry. When a spouse dies, the other partner then may marry another partner, who then becomes the parent of the other's children. Similarly, when an orphan lost both parents, a couple may adopt it by including it in their (or founding a new) family. These differences to other Ulethan cultures still reflect in modern Kojolese family law, although the necessity to bear kids to form a civil union no longer exists. Temples where Symvanist weddings are held are usually unsurprisingly dedicated to events relating to close family bounds, loyalty, love, fertility or good fortune.
5. PH
6. Wake (Arkanāl): describes a period of 2 days and two nights (with exceptions made for victims of epidemics to reduce the risk of spreading the disease further or in situations of war), during which the deceased is kept on display in a shrine. This time is meant to give family and friends, but also neighbours and other acquaintances the chance to bid farewell to the defunct, who is often laid into an open casket. Temples of the 6th Ministry are often, but not always, close to cemeteries and relate to various events connected to death, grief, ascension or communication with ancestors.
7. Intercession (Chūsai, archaic Barélhosutān): the second of the two Sacraments not carried out at a specific point in life. Describes the formal act of sending wishes to spirits, comparable to praying. This is done in a ritual similar to remissions, but instead of burning, believers soak their pieces of paper with their wishes on them in water so that they dissolve. The resulting mud is then spread on beds on the temple ground, and flowers or trees are planted in them. The petitioner may come back and water the soil to boost their request. Though there are specific shrines dedicated to this practice, the ritual is also commonly performed at all other types of shrines (with some exceptions where there simply is no space). Many shrines of the 7th Ministry are located next to other important shrines, where the Intercession of believers to the spirit of the original shrine has been "proven" over time to be fulfilled with a high likelihood.

Peculiarities

• Nowadays, Kojo uses the internationally known 24-hour-system to divide the day into hours, minutes and seconds. It became widespread with the expansion of the railway network, which from the beginning operated on this more "modern" known from abroad system. Up to the late 19th century however, a traditional Kojolese system was used. In that system, not midnight, but sunrise was used as the reference point. From the moment of sunrise, "shilpa"s (the equivalent of hours) were counted. One shilpa is equal to one 12th of the duration from sunrise to sunset on the summer solstice. After sunset, the shilpa-count starts at zero again, counting the "dark" shilpas. As a result, the amount of day- and night-shilpas in a day changes throughout the year. Also, a shilpa would be longer in northern regions than in the south, as summer days are longer the higher the latitude. The counting system is therefore not used for exact time measuring in the modern world, however traces survived in the form of proverbs or set expressions.
• Because of the different wedding-culture describes in Kojo#Religion, last names in Kojo are not inherited. Once a new Harsanīgi is formed, the couple decides on a new last name for them and their children called nálnūm (literally "chosen name"). As a result, Kojo today has one of the most diverse ranges of last names, as couples can choose traditional or religiously meaningful names as well as neologisms. The choice of the "chosen name" is regarded as one of the most important step stones in live and is often seen as very telling in regards to the choosing couple's character. Despite the overall non-religiousness of the Kojolese people, the ceremonial foundation of a Harsanīgi and the proclamation of a new last name is one of the traditional rites that has retained a high degree of practice and prestige.

Military

Military expenditure accounts for 1.6 % of the country's GDP. It includes the army (Bánakin), the air force (Óduekin) and the navy (Paushil). Other subdivisions and associated agencies include the medical service, the military counter-intelligence service (Fanglyué-Jōto so Kyanfā, "FJK"), a cyber unit, strategical planning offices and more. The entirety of the armed forces are called "Kojo so Forsamé".

In Kojolese, Bánakin means both army and barracks. About 35,000 soldiers serve in the army, which are stationed at one of 30 bases (called Kázen), not including small non-military offices for administrative purposes. The soldiers are organised in 52 squadrons called Zóngkai, and only few bases house more than one of them.

The Óduekin (air force) employs around 15,000 soldiers, organized in four tactical units, two transport units (with the one stationed in Pyingshum also having a sub-unit dedicated to government flights), two helicopter units, two ground-based air defence units and two training units. Those squadrons are called pyoéton. They are usually stationed on bases adjacent to otherwise civilian airports.

The 8,000 soldiers serving in the Paushil (marine) secure Kojolese territorial waters and borders against military attacks (the custom office has a naval base in Jaka, and the sea-adjacent Ikis are responsible for sea rescue operations on their shores; the marine only intervenes in those duties when on sight). Like the army and air force it take part in missions abroad, both tactically and as transport units. Marine bases are called Pautang (an otherwise archaic word for harbour), and there are four of them in Kojo: Zúkshi (Cheryuman h.), Jaka, Arákkanai and PH near Zúkshi (Fóskiman h.).