Ullanyé

Ullanyé
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Capital	Etatono
Government	Presidential Republic
Area
• Total	43456 km2 16778 sq mi
Population
• Estimate	6,177,823
Drives on the	right

Ullanyé /uːlaɲeː/ is an island in the south Asperic Ocean. It has a population of 6.17 million and an area of 43500 km². Ullanyé is the northernmost large island of the Harda Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Etatono. Etatono and the surrounding areas in the eastern coastal region are home to over half the population.

History

History of Ullanyé
Prehistory to Iron Age	9000BCE - 700CE
• Dyákunda & Moda Benyé Cultures	1900 - 400 BCE
• Dyadyé Culture	600 BCE
• Taukan Cities	600BCE - 200BCE
• Ullan Culture	300BCE - 889CE
Classical to Recent Taukan	700CE - 1700CE
• Fall of Ullan	889CE
• Agsán Period	1250CE - 1450CE
• Colonisation of Kez	1310CE - 1360CE
• Maritime States	1450CE - 1702CE
Modern	1700CE onwards
• First Republic	1799CE
• Anehatul Republic	1884CE
• Kez Civil War	1929CE
• Third Republic	1932CE

Prehistory (9000 BCE-500 BCE)

Prehistoric Ullanyé encompasses a period that begins with the first evidence of human activity on the island around 9000 BCE through to the arrival of literate ironworking cultures in the 5th century BCE.

Mesolithic Ullanyé

A reconstruction of hunter gatherer's camp based on excavations near the confluence of the Dada and Chanyú Rivers.

The earliest inhabitants of Ullanyé arrived during the 9th millennium BCE, most likely by boat from the Antarephian mainland. They were hunter-gatherers who lived in small groups of around 40 individuals and built dwellings from light-weight timber, animal hide and thatch. They made use of small inland camps for seasonal hunting as well as larger permanent structures near rivers and lakes. Their diet consisted mainly of shell food and fish but bones from deer, wild pigs and a range of fowl indicates they were also making use of the food resources from forests adjacent to the river systems.

The first evidence of burials during this period, dating to between 4200 and 4100 BCE, comes from the excavation of a Mesolithic village on Isá Nalé in the Fomi River. It consisted of a teenage girl who had been placed in a stone lined pit along with the remains of a bow, arrows, bone dice, beads, carved antler eating utensils and kit of flint blades. Preserved by its water logged surroundings, this presumably high status individual constitutes the oldest human remains ever found in the country. Evidence of cremation in other parts of the island indicate a variety of burial rites were operating during this time.

Neolithic Ullanyé

The start of the Neolithic period is marked by arrival of the first farmers in Ullanyé who brought with them food crops, domesticated animals and advanced stone working techniques. Forest clearance increased during the period and a variety of monumental burial structures appeared.

Bronze Age - Dyákunda & Moda Benyé Period

Illustration of a rock painting discovered in the Imás Dyer cave system. It is dated from between the 4th - 3rd millenium BCE and depicts the funerary rites of prehistoric peoples from Central Antarephia.

The Dyákunda were a bronze age agricultural civilisation occupying much of Ullanyé between approximately 1900 - 1200 BCE. The name Dyákunda is a modern label meaning 'westerner' although archaeological evidence for their presence has been excavated throughout the island. They were sophisticated farmers and metal workers manufactured a variety of blades and decorative items.

The Dyákunda had several of their largest population centres on the islands and coastal lands to the north west of the Olcu volanco. This highly fertile agricultural land allowed them to support a large population with many specialised trades people.

Dyákunda civilisation went into decline between 900 - 400 BCE. No significant monument construction occurred during the period and there is evidence that the population was depleted and settlements became abandoned. Mass burial pits at Imdyél, combined with evidence of widespread burning, may suggest that the city was destroyed during warfare.

The Moda Benyé (Motipeni) were a population group that seem to have occupied the eastern coast of Ullanyé for an undetermined period of time before the arrival of Dyadyé speakers around 400 BCE. It is unclear whether the Moda Benyé were a related to the Dyákunda or a separate culture as there seems to have been significant sharing of material culture. Artefacts from this group share similarities with populations further south in the Harda Archepelago that went on to become the Kopa peoples.

Arrival of the Dyadyé

The arrival of Dyadyé speaking populations around the end of the 1st millennium BCE also marked the beginning of the Iron Age in Ullanyé. The Dyadyé migrated from central and eastern Antarephia, bringing with them a new language, technologies and customs. Their arrival in Ullanyé marked the end of eastward expansion by West Antarephian populations. They gradually became established across the island, though it is unclear whether this process was ongoing throughout the period or if the new arrivals came in several distinct waves between 600 - 200 BCE. The island was divided into a patchwork of over a dozen tribal lands, each supporting a number of towns and small cities. Most, but not all, of these settlements were ruled through a Council as was traditional in other cultures descending from the Tauka. It is a matter of debate as to whether or not the Dyadyé merged peacefully with the pre-existing populations but by the 100s BCE the islands Bronze Age culture had been entirely replaced.

Classical Period (500 BCE-700 CE)

Early Federations

A bead necklace worn by a woman who was buried in the Ullan Astir necropolis (site Ad01) between 950-900 BCE.

In the following centuries Dyadyé culture became firmly established. Rival cities vied for dominance and boundaries regularly shifted as the power of individual groups waxed and waned.

The island became divided into three regions corresponding roughly to the three sides of the island. Each region was governed from at least one major city, to which several minor cities were bound. These subordinate relationships could switch over time as particular cities gained or lost influence. Cities would often switch allegiances or coordinate their activities to counter balance stronger rivals.

The western region, Amarr, was the smallest of the emerging regional powers. It was ruled from Fíra during the early period with important spiritual centres in Cacamarr and refuges in the islands of Ke Teterayba District. The regional centre of power would later shift to the northern urban centre in Lagarú District. Amarr had close trading relationships with the continent and the local dialect of Dyadyé came to adopt many continental characteristics.

The eastern region, Chanyu, was ruled from the city of Imdyél and was the only region not to have it's capital located on an island.

The southern region, Ní Onay, was the largest of the three regions and had it's capital in Ullan Astir. Ullan Astir established itself as the preeminent city along the southern coast and during the classical period it gained dominance over the entire island.

Politics

Government

The Republic of Ullanyé maintains a unitary presidential system where the President of Ullanyé is both the head of state and head of government. Executive powers are exercised by the President and their cabinet. Legislative power is vested in the government and the two houses of the National Council. The judiciary in Ullanyé is independent of both the executive and legislative bodies. The National Council relocated from the historic

The Constitution of Ullanyé was originally ratified by referendum on 5 December 1885 under the direction of the Aneho/Attul lead military dictatorship. After the Popular Uprising in 1930 and the declaration of the Third Republic in 1932 the constitution was amended to strengthen the position of democratically elected officials by granting the President powers to remove military commanders from the armed forces. Other reforms aimed at strengthening democracy included removing appointments and life memberships to the National Council and introducing civil liberties protections for activities such as political organisation, assembly and speech. The new constitution was approved in a national plebiscite on 12 October 1932.

Geography

Ullanyé has a roughly triangular shape with short coastal plains spreading out on three sides from the mountainous interior. To the west, it is separated from the Antarephian mainland by the Sindyé Tasóndy (Whale Channel) which is around 60km wide at it's narrowest point. In the east the 25km wide Sindyé Beraig (Narrow Channel) separates Ullanyé from Grand Harda Island, it's nearest neighbour in the Harda Archipelago. Ullanyé shares maritime borders across these straits with the Community of Nalkor-Kochi and Osaseré.

Geology

Like many countries in the region, Ullanyé is volcanically and geologically active. The interior of the island is hilly and mountainous, with many of the highest peaks, of over 1500 metres, in the island's northern ranges. Aside from numerous earthquakes there are two active volcanoes, Olcú and Udyut, both having had at least one major eruption since 1917. There are many other signs of tectonic activity, including numerous areas of hot springs.

Hydrology

A list of rivers of Ullanyé

Name	Region	Length	Destination

Flora & Fauna

Caztobal

The Caztobal is an epiphytic tree native to Antarephia, with a range extending northwest from Ullanyé to southern Sabishii in Paxtar. It can grow to over 15 metres in height and has a lifespan of several centuries. It usually begins life as a hemi-epiphyte high in the branches of an already mature forest tree. Young Caztobal plants send roots to the forest floor, forming a hollow trunk that eventually encloses the entire host tree.

The white flower of a mature Caztobal tree growing in the Etatono University Botanic Research Unit.

Caztobal seedlings are hemi-epiphytes and the resultant tree has a hollow trunk made of interlocking roots enclosing the space left by the former tree host. It's seeds, found in energy rich berries, are dispersed by birds and other canopy dwelling animals, germinating in the cervices on other trees. This is an adaption suited for growing in dense forests where competition for light is intense. While the original support tree will often die it has been suggested that the Caztobal can only become established on trees that are already in decline. In disturbed ground and gaps in the forest cover the Caztobal will grow with a normal but much shorter trunk. The tallest tree on record stood at 22 metres and the oldest tree was dated as approximately 350 years old.

Pharmaceutical applications

The flowers and bark of the Caztobal contain several powerful psychoactive and analgesic compounds that have been extracted or synthesised for clinical use. The flowers contain molecules that inhibit the re-uptake of neurotransmitters in the brain and have been used anti-depressants to treat depressive disorders and other conditions including anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and eating disorders. The bark contains analgesic compounds that are used in many prescription and over the counter medications. The tree is usually cultivated for pharmaceutical use in it more manageable ground based form.

Religious traditions

A 19th century bottle used to make Caztobal infusion. Held in the collection of the Lida-Boro Agsán Museum.

In Agsán practices the Caztobal is one of the four Winter Plants used in traditional palliative and end-of-life care. The bark is soaked in hot water for several days and strained to produce a bitter infusion that is sweetened with natural herbs. The strong analgesic compounds in the drink make it an effective method of pain control and can bring on a deep sleep. In strong doses it can lead to death or permanent coma. The flower is rarely used in modern Agsán traditions outside of obscure divination practices.

Recreational use and popular culture

The Caztobal flower has been used for hundreds of years to induce trances and hallucination. It has a long history of recreational use in Ullanyé and is sold by licenced sellers in specialised shops. The dried petals are usually smoked, often with other dried plants that contain nicotine and cannabinoid compounds. When smoked the mixtures induce effects including a feeling of euphoria, the sensation of weightlessness, synaesthesia and alteration of visual perception characterised by 'stain-glass window' type hallucinations. During the last 20 years methods of extraction have been developed that allows the psychoactive compound to be made into tablets of standardised dosages. Regular use can lead to addiction.

Demographics

Divisions & Settlements

Ullanyé has three tiers of governmental organisation made up of national, regional and district authorities.

Regions

There are 3 administrative regions in Ullanyé run by Regional Councils that are elected every five years in local elections, although many of their statutory functions fall under the remit of career officials, termed Chief Administrators, who are appointed by central government. The Regional Councils have a responsibility for planning and roads, waste and recycling services, leisure, community services, housing and local economic and cultural development.

• Amarr (12,208 km²) on the west coast is the smallest and least populated of the regions. The city of Fíra has been home to Amarr Regional Council since the late 1940s. Before then, and for much of the preceding 200 years, the more northerly city of Lagarú had been the seat of regional government.
  
• Nyéchaha (15,522 km²) runs the length of the island east of the central mountain range. The capital city and seat of the Nyéchaha Regional Council is Etatono.
  
• Sechufa (16,836 km²) is the largest of the three regions. The Sechufa Regional Council headquarters in the city of Níasa.
  

Districts

There are fifteen districts with responsibility for certain types of planning, local roads, sanitation and libraries. District Councils are elected by universal franchise every five years and are the most accessible form of government to people in their local communities.

District	Region	Population	Census Date

Sub-divisions

These are small geographical divisions of land used in Ullanyé for judicial and religious purposes.

Name	Name Ing	Admin Centre	District	Region	Population	Census Date

Language

Olonyé is spoken by the majority of the population. It is part of the Taukan Language Family, of the Asperic branch and a member of the Dyadyé group.

Culture

A list of culturally important graves and historic memorials in Ullanyé.

Name	Note

Arts

Arno J Dalz-Anbor

Sport

Rabú is the national sport of Ullanyé. The national stadium is located in Etatono