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! kóha | ! kóha | ||
| hut || small house || || || || | | hut || small house || || || || | ||
|- | |||
! kojōken | |||
| allotment garden || garden colony || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
! kókke | ! kókke | ||
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! wamzudamolno | ! wamzudamolno | ||
| spatial planning || || || || || | | spatial planning || || || || || | ||
|- | |||
! waken | |||
| garden || || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
! weiwe | ! weiwe | ||
Line 1,751: | Line 1,757: | ||
*this/these (one there) (pronoun): kōle | *this/these (one there) (pronoun): kōle | ||
*this/these (one there) (determiner): kol | *this/these (one there) (determiner): kol | ||
==Verb Conjugation and Modal Verbs== | |||
Verbs in Kojolese are conjugated in 6 tenses (past, present and future, each with an optional progressive aspect), genera verbi (active and passive), and can be further modified with modal verbs (want, should, let's...). Kojolese is an agglutinative language, meaning verb modifying morphems can be added to the verb indefinitely until the meaning becomes too complicated for even natives to understand. | |||
In the simple present every verb end in -u, for the progressive aspect this becomes -um. The simple past and past progressive are created with -e and -em, the future and the future progressive (only rarely used) are marked with -i and -im respectively. This also applies to modal verbs. | |||
The active mood is unmarked. The most common way to express passiveness in a larger sentence is to use the (transitive) verb in a noun modifying clause before the respective noun. For example, odamishe tsuri fa toidaebu would mean "the sold flower blooms"/"the flower, that was sold, blooms". The modal verb o.rau was used to turn every verb into the passive form, with the final -u of the verb changing to an "o" (unless there is another vowel before the final -u, then the bridge vowel is not needed). This can indicate passive mood without changing the word order, however in modern Kojolese that is usually perceived as archaic use of language. In passive sentences where in Ingerish the objective of the speaker is to leave out the subject, the subject can simply be omitted in Kojolese and the thing the action is being done to is still marked with the direct subject marker SUM. The sentence "Yaesh sum byoeltsi" would mean "I will be killed", or literally "something (omitted) will kill me". | |||
Verb forms (including modal verbs) can all be negated with the modal verb (u).rau. Where the negation(s) take place in the chains of main verb and modal verbs is very important to the meaning; for example, mish.rai.sau (buy.not.want) means "I don't want to BUY", but mishi.sa.rau (buy.want.not) means "I don't WANT to buy" (but I NEED to/was FORCED to...). | |||
Modal verbs follow the verb they modify, and can build long chains. In the standard form, the modal verb overwrites the tense of the main verb. When it is important to retain the past or future tense of the main verb, the tenses themselves need to be expressed by another modal verb in between the main verb and the following modal verbs. These tense markers are the origin of the modern (shortened) tense forms. In Rikaikishi it is necessary to always use the modal verb form for the past and future tenses when adding modal verbs after the verb, and use the plain form strictly for the present tense. The present progressive aspect is lost in these cases and needs to be emphasized with marker words such as "right now". | |||
Modal verbs usually consist of one or two syllables, and change the last syllable of the predecessor depending on the syllable structure. There are three ways the final syllable(s) of a verb (including modal verbs themselves) can look like: | |||
*M-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a versatile consonant) (Type 1) | |||
*F-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a fixed consonant) (Type 2) | |||
*-V-u (the -u stands alone after a syllable ending in a vowel) (Type 3) | |||
FC=fixed cons., can only stand at beginning; M=Versatile cons.; V=Vowel | |||
Depending on the types above, modal verbs might simply change the -u to another vowel, keep the -u, or attach themselves to the stem (e.g. leave out the bridge vowel completely). | |||
i.sau - to want | |||
á.u - to can | |||
o.myu - to try | |||
e.kkyu- must ("soft"; in order for something else) | |||
-must ("hard"; under any condition) | |||
(u).rau - NOT; U only when there is a fixed consonant before final -u, e.g. syllable needs to be completed. | |||
ue.meru - begin | |||
-.ngu - to end | |||
i.salnu- shall, is supposed to, imperative in K.I. | |||
o.rau - passive | |||
==Affixes== | ==Affixes== | ||
Affixes are used to create compound words with a more nuanced meaning compared to the base word. They can be added after (suffix) or before (prefix) the base word. | Affixes are used to create compound words with a more nuanced meaning compared to the base word. Unlike Particles, they do not influence the grammatical but the contentual function of a word and are not separated by a space mark. They can be added after (suffix) or before (prefix) the base word. | ||
===Changing word class=== | ===Changing word class=== |
Revision as of 09:39, 14 January 2022
Nouns
Kojoshi | Ingerish 1 | Ingerish 2 | Ingerish 3 | Ingerish 4 | Ingerish 5 | Registry (if not universal) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | ||||||
acchōfu | government | executive | ||||
aekko | draft | sketch | ||||
aenkaiwe | stadium | |||||
aenlai | aircraft | K.I., R.I. | ||||
aentágyu | forest (area) | |||||
aentē | forest | R.I.: forest biotope | ||||
a'éropō | airport | |||||
ajji | next station | |||||
alshokku | breakfast | K.I. | ||||
alshū | morning | |||||
alshūs | morning (archaic) | |||||
altífōwe | archive | |||||
am | rain | |||||
amha | summer | T.I., K.I. | ||||
amrong | castle built on top of a ridge or hill | |||||
ánal | analysis | |||||
arem | sun | |||||
arhazi | first station | |||||
arihang | archery | |||||
ashkal | world | T.I., K.I. | ||||
ashkan | work | service | ||||
ashkínoe | autumn | T.I., K.I. | ||||
assol | union (not labour unions) | |||||
ātsu | coal | |||||
azaggu | nation | |||||
B | ||||||
baélzi | last station | direction of a train | ||||
balgafáchūm | prosperity | control | ||||
bálkon | balcony | |||||
Bánakin | army (military) | |||||
bappoeregwol | proceeding | process | R.I.: provision (clause that offers exception to a law) | K.I., R.I. | ||
buéro | city office/department | |||||
Būmal | equiv. Of a Bachelor's degree | |||||
byoengwe | hospital | |||||
C | ||||||
chai | page | sheet | ||||
champyonsaē | waterway | |||||
cheryu | white | |||||
cho | forest (place names) | |||||
chóntse | opportunity | option to do sth. | R.I. | |||
chúju | fluency | |||||
D | ||||||
Daebi | brother | T.I. | ||||
Dáhano | Administration | |||||
darasushan | age | era | ||||
dattarān | supreme court | |||||
denching | telecommunication | |||||
denkan | telephone box | |||||
densoi | telephone | |||||
dígwansol | diplomatic mission | embassy staff | ||||
do | point | |||||
dómaen | discipline | field of study/work | ||||
duére | executive order | directive | ||||
Dyandoesha | Ingerland | |||||
E | ||||||
efoengzon | quarry | pit | opencast mine | |||
ekkaem | view point on a langluet/on a coast | |||||
éshkim | fencing | |||||
esshae | war | battle | T.I., K.I. | |||
F | ||||||
fan’goel | place of work | |||||
fármasi | pharmacy | T.I., K.I. | ||||
fōbal (lui) | (for) example | |||||
foeton | freight | |||||
Forsamé | armed forces | |||||
fóski | gold | |||||
F | ||||||
gafamdoen | duty | task | function | |||
gangmi | ocean | |||||
gántsu | treasure | |||||
gáronti | guarantee | responsibility for correctness | R.I. | |||
gekkwae | theatre | |||||
Gimbye kōfogótsu | Motorway (in Kojo) | |||||
gipun | science (broad) | |||||
gisshae | K.I.: night | R.I.: time between sunset and sunrise | K.I., R.I. | |||
góbal | allowance | flat-rate | ||||
gōf | golf | |||||
gōsaeidaran | regional court | |||||
gukyaei | property | R.I. | ||||
H | ||||||
hael’yéron | qualification | eligibilty | competence | meeting a required criterion | ||
Hainye | father | K.I. | ||||
hakkāyue | issue | matter | affair | |||
hakke | convention | |||||
halim | leaf | |||||
hāmaeltai | municipality | |||||
han'gara | technology | |||||
hīmchi | basis | fundament | ||||
hipparā | construction site | T.I., K.I. | ||||
hōfi | valley | |||||
hōkengdō | career | |||||
hōsol | job vacancy | empty post | ||||
hún'gō | shipfare | shipping | ||||
hyeng | rail | platform | ||||
hyengmang | railyard | train parking space | ||||
hyengjo | railyard | railway maintenance facility | ||||
I | ||||||
icchisho | arrivals | |||||
icchoetsōno | immigration | |||||
igaengchi | relationship (between countries, companies…) | |||||
ilza | book | |||||
imre | salary | pay (private sector) | wage | |||
indásu | industry | |||||
Ingli | sister | T.I. | ||||
ingyoe | content | |||||
ishkel | control | |||||
J | ||||||
jae | evening | |||||
jaei | land | soil | earth's surface | |||
jaeikol | runway (airfare) | |||||
jaeyosohyoel | land reclamation | |||||
jer | evening (archaic) | |||||
jessu | spring | K.I. | ||||
Jōbunhakke | people's convention (Kojolese parliament) | |||||
ju (jur) | water (T.I.) | drinking water (K.I.) | body of water (T.I.) | sewage or clean pipe water (R.I.) | ||
jugwo | waterworks | sewage treatment plant | ||||
K | ||||||
kábunjowe | stock exchange | |||||
kágaldosim | inner city | |||||
karetaki | stone age | |||||
katu | terrace | |||||
kázen | casern | barracks | ||||
kikai | opportunity | chance | K.I. | |||
koémangchiwe | market hall | |||||
kōfeibunwe | city/town hall | |||||
kógalwe | (tv) studio | |||||
kóha | hut | small house | ||||
kojōken | allotment garden | garden colony | ||||
kókke | council | |||||
kokkyō | border | |||||
kónfaero | conference | |||||
kóntsuridíso | construction site | site | R.I. | |||
kōuetamolno | deli | R.I. | ||||
kowe | grave (arch.) | burial site (arch.) | ||||
kúriyé | Postal service | |||||
kuttuem | custom (cultural) | |||||
Kwachae | woman | K.I. | ||||
kyakkai | cooperative | cooperation | ||||
kyamulwe | ferry house | |||||
kyanbun | (private) agency | |||||
kyanfā | (national government) agency | |||||
L | ||||||
láfontāsh | advantage | |||||
lánche | insect | R.I. | ||||
lettore | letter | |||||
líchi | lake | |||||
lishi | history | |||||
logishtikku | logistics | |||||
lózipō | sport airfield | leisure airport | ||||
luwa | law | |||||
M | ||||||
mā | human | |||||
maeil | ||||||
maekkisho | departure | |||||
maekkoetsōno | emigration | |||||
Maekkyosil | Prefect | |||||
Maekkyosilfā | Office of the Prefect | |||||
maēro | labyrinth | hedge maze | ||||
Mama | mother | mum | T.I. | |||
man'gwo | power plant | |||||
mankai | competition | |||||
marīchon | training | |||||
Máyol | mother | K.I. | ||||
méishī | deli | T.I., K.I. | ||||
mekí | mosque | |||||
milītaeryu | military | |||||
miren | partner (so. who shares a common interest) | |||||
mítom | part-time job | |||||
moeta | horizon | outlook | T.I., K.I. | |||
N | ||||||
nafahang | harbour | T.I., K.I. | ||||
nagarasha | (university) student | |||||
nain | mountain | |||||
nakkōzi | prior station | |||||
nálnūm | last name (lit.: chosen name) | |||||
néruka | present | |||||
netsū | (river) shore | (river) bank | ||||
nil | well | |||||
noé | node | R.I. | ||||
nomi | map | |||||
O | ||||||
Ochae | man | K.I. | ||||
Óduekin | air force (milit.) | |||||
oezónkai | festival (usually religious) | K.I. | ||||
Ōkarong | equiv. Of a PhD/doctoral degree | |||||
okkong | contract | treaty | R.I. | |||
ómpessha | disabled person | |||||
Ōnagara | University | |||||
oshoeng | public | |||||
osoingamsói | responsibility | |||||
osofaé | cruise | |||||
osofaélai | cruise ship | |||||
osómaei | renumeration | pay-grade (state officials) | ||||
osozal | copy | duplication | T.I., K.I. | |||
otash | display | exhibit | K.I., R.I. | |||
P | ||||||
pacchan | rice (grown in flooded paddies) | |||||
pahanjī | requirement | |||||
Papa | father | dad | T.I. | |||
párfo | perfume | fragrance | ||||
párlekai | parliament (generic term) | |||||
pashkil | foundation | trust | endowment | |||
patsū | proof | |||||
Paushil | navy (milit.) | |||||
pautang | harbour | landing stage | T.I. | |||
payata | shoe | |||||
pecchi | pet | T.I. | ||||
pelgwo | resource | |||||
pitōn | festival | T.I. | ||||
R | ||||||
raén | Queen (historic title in western Kojo | |||||
raito | web application | online-plattform | ||||
rajaen’gyo | strategy | |||||
rakuotashwe | pharmacy | R.I. | ||||
raribawe | water park | swimming pool for playing | ||||
refāgyu | unit inside a ministry | field of expertise inside an organisation | ||||
reggyadum | management | managing | ||||
rénle | bird | |||||
ressoróng | restaurant | |||||
rézo | network | |||||
ríkin | research | |||||
rízai | mind | brain (metaphorically) | T.I., K.I. | |||
rinin | personell | |||||
roélijon | religion | |||||
roen‘giésh | expertise | practically aquired knowledge | ||||
Rōka | equiv. of a (non-consecutive) Master's degree | |||||
S | ||||||
saeffusói | continuation | sequel | ||||
sāmahando | constitution | |||||
senka | subject (at uni) | |||||
senpā | room | chamber | ||||
sēzu | politics | policy (general strategy, not specific law) | ||||
shataei | certificate | |||||
shil | heart | T.I., K.I. | ||||
shínchopō | (Kojolese) constitution | |||||
shíyubi | defense | |||||
shóukai | (trade) fair | |||||
showaeng | property | R.I. | ||||
showugan | museum | |||||
simitachi | cemetery | |||||
sochizággai | overseas | foreign lands | ||||
soelsha | sister | K.I., R.I. | ||||
sogwosoi | surrounding | environment | ||||
solkai | club | chamber | ||||
sul'apétawe | town/city hall | |||||
sulchae | city | town | R.I. | |||
T | ||||||
tácham | flood | |||||
taē | (planet) earth | R.I. | ||||
Taechi | cross | |||||
taechikyō | christianity | christian church (denomination, community) | ||||
taechisūsha | christians | |||||
taedo | cross-section | intersection | ||||
taéte | treaty | contract | K.I. | |||
taigi | sport | |||||
táikomi | hope | good outlook | ||||
tákoechiwe | wholesale | central market | ||||
tanī | family | T.I., K.I. | ||||
tasha | landscape | |||||
tau | K.I., R.I.: daytime | T.I.: day | ||||
tesan | view(point) | sight | perspective | (contentual) standpoint | ||
tokkyaen | town (place names) | |||||
tom | (public transport) ticket | |||||
Tónsae | brother | K.I., R.I. | ||||
tsukikae | replacement | T.I., K.I. | ||||
tsumri | winter | K.I. | ||||
tsungbon | culture | |||||
tsuri | flower | |||||
U | ||||||
uelchae | village | R.I. | ||||
uelfā | service (municipal agency on the regional level) | |||||
uénki | territory | |||||
ufobal | timetable (transportation) | |||||
uimtan | question | inquiri | K.I. | |||
ugóbawe | swimming pool for excercise/sport | |||||
uzam | energy (power network) | |||||
W | ||||||
wamzudamolno | spatial planning | |||||
waken | garden | |||||
weiwe | prison | |||||
woke | arm | limb | ||||
wokkwe | elongated building | |||||
wúhakkai | organisation | association | R.I. | |||
Y | ||||||
yaecchu | spring | T.I. | ||||
yaélai | bicycle | T.I., K.I. | ||||
yaesshang’gwol | (job) benefit | bonus | additional perk | |||
yētekel | language | |||||
yilchúmi | interest | concern | need | |||
yinfa | colour | |||||
yultai | (natural) environment | |||||
Z | ||||||
Zangákka | equiv. of a (consecutive) Master's degree | |||||
zan’ne | day (24 hours) | K.I., R.I. | ||||
zaráng | heritage | |||||
zenbawe | spa | onsen | swimming pool for relaxation | |||
zensho | grammar | |||||
zēsayin | (border) customs | |||||
zibbu | department | subsection of a company/public authority | ||||
zika | horse | |||||
zō | victim | T.I., K.I. | ||||
zoggwaran | synagogue | |||||
zueshóukai | (trade) fair |
Verbs
Kojoshi | Ingerish 1 | Ingerish 2 | Ingerish 3 | Ingerish 4 | Ingerish 5 | Registry (if not universal) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | ||||||
amshu | to begin doing something | to take office | K.I., R.I. | |||
amyu | to rain | rain | ||||
anályu | to analyse | |||||
aru | to be | to exist somewhere | K.I. | |||
azelu | to say | to chat | to talk | T.I. | ||
B | ||||||
byoeltsu | to kill | T.I., K.I. | ||||
byumu | to sleep | K.I. | ||||
C | ||||||
chelnu | to offer | to be available | ||||
chuemu | to protext (from sth.) | |||||
D | ||||||
dashu | to plan | |||||
díraeu | to think | to believe | to suppose | to guess | K.I. | |
E | ||||||
elpyaenfu | to lead | to guide | to exercise control over | |||
enkēlu | to fall/die in war | |||||
etadorau | to be committed to sth. | to put effort into sth. | ||||
F | ||||||
fólkaishu | to warmly receive, to welcome | |||||
fuézyadu | to shoot (a gun) | |||||
fúshu | to do | to work on a job (old fashioned) | ||||
G | ||||||
gafaemu | to work on | to treat | K.I. | |||
gyinelu | to buy | T.I. | ||||
gyunyu | to move (permanent, like moving house, shift a chance, change school) | |||||
H | ||||||
hayelu | to fly | |||||
haznuelu | to reach | |||||
I | ||||||
icchalu | to send (in) | |||||
igaengchishu | to relate to sth | to be connected to something | to be relevant for sth. | |||
imkaibu | to coordinate sth. | to collaborate with so. | K.I. | |||
ingamu | to say | to talk | to speak | K.I. | ||
ishu | to hear | |||||
J | ||||||
jijiyaeng'u | to trade | |||||
jottu | to give | T.I. | ||||
K | ||||||
kokkyōshu | to border sth. | |||||
kóntsuru | to build | to carry out construction work | K.I. | |||
ku | to be (descriptive) | T.I., K.I. | ||||
kyabau | to coordinate with so. | |||||
L | ||||||
laébumru | to live | |||||
laébumwe | residence | residential building | ||||
lishi | history | |||||
lusunu | to take a picture | |||||
M | ||||||
maekkafaemu | to develop | |||||
maekkalu | to send (out) | |||||
maekkigyunyu | to move house (non-specific if move to or away from adressant) | to relocate | ||||
marzu | to train | to practice in an organised manner | ||||
mijilinlu | to be interested in sth. | |||||
mishu | to buy | K.I., R.I. | ||||
N | ||||||
nalkyu | to choose | |||||
nambu | to be | to exist somewhere | R.I. | |||
O | ||||||
odamishu | ||||||
odamishu | to sell | K.I. | ||||
oetsōmu | to migrate | |||||
ontérinu | to agree to sth. | to accept sth. | K.I., R.I. | |||
osoaku | to represent | |||||
osoingamu | to be responsible | |||||
otasu | to sell | R.I. | ||||
otazelu | to offer | K.I. | ||||
P | ||||||
pettelchu | to rotate | |||||
pyáfu | to rise | to get up | ||||
pyegifu | to disuse | |||||
R | ||||||
raru | to play | to spend leisure time | ||||
roenglanzu | to spread | to be transmitted (germs etc.) | R.I. | |||
S | ||||||
saeffushu | to continue sth. | to go on with sth. | ||||
settainōku | to make available | to provide | ||||
shárukanyaelu | to protect | to preserve | ||||
shōtalju | to embrace | to appreciate | to encourage | |||
sowenlu | to teach | |||||
soworu | to learn | |||||
T | ||||||
tamtsu | to think (both process and 'to think, that…') | to believe | to ponder | T.I. | ||
tamtsu’u | to think (mind-process, not 'to believe sth.') | to contemplate | K.I. | |||
tuekau | to open sth. (T.I., K.I.) | to open sth. to public use (R.I.) | ||||
toidaebu | to blossom | |||||
U | ||||||
uetau | to eat | |||||
umsolgu | to apply (for a job) | K.I., R.I. | ||||
W | ||||||
wálu | to run | |||||
wámdau | to plan | K.I. | ||||
wesshu | to contact | K.I. | ||||
Y | ||||||
yaeshitteru | to advance sth. | to spread sth. | to promote sth. | |||
yaeshkou | to advance | to rise into | to be promoted | to ascent | ||
yuku | to go | to move by foot | K.I. | |||
Z | ||||||
zoékau | to maintain | to upkeep |
Adjectives
Kojoshi | Ingerish 1 | Ingerish 2 | Ingerish 3 | Ingerish 4 | Ingerish 5 | Registry (if not universal) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | ||||||
aku | south | |||||
anályumfel | analythical | |||||
B | ||||||
bang | low | subordinate | ||||
bojōaeng | proficient | to be skilful at | ||||
C | ||||||
chidoe | physical | material | ||||
choewal | equestrian | K.I., R.I. | ||||
D | ||||||
dehal | difficult | |||||
dōdaeki | regional | |||||
dyong | east | |||||
E | ||||||
émino | outstanding | eminent | R.I. | |||
F | ||||||
fīngal | warm (physical and emotional) | |||||
G | ||||||
gaggwoelbunreisūka | equitable | |||||
genji | local | in a small area | ||||
H | ||||||
haelgyazó | normal | common | usual | |||
haerū | far | distant | ||||
haingbue | available at a low cost | discounted | K.I. | |||
humenyamin | amber | K.I. | ||||
hóti | close | near | ||||
I | ||||||
J | ||||||
jarinum | temporary | K.I. | ||||
jeangba | busy | |||||
K | ||||||
kágal | inner | |||||
kámpō | voluntarily | |||||
kibō | north | |||||
kifaimdōdaeki | stretegic | |||||
komkosa | thematically wide | varied | ||||
kōng | deep | |||||
kyanbue | inhouse | internal | inside an agency/company | |||
L | ||||||
limbē | west | |||||
lomsa | more (countable) | K.I., R.I. | ||||
M | ||||||
maecchaē | great | large | important | K.I. | ||
maéi | beautiful | visually pleasing | K.I. | |||
maelduoen | call for tenderopen bidding | advertisement | ||||
maggitā | nacre-coloured | |||||
mashkal | special | out of the ordinary the way sth. Is (qualitative) | ||||
mijizággai | international | |||||
miryoku | attractive | appealing | K.I. | |||
munchipal | municipal | |||||
N | ||||||
nyū | dark | |||||
O | ||||||
onlain | online | |||||
osují | favourite | |||||
P | ||||||
pacchi | wet (fields, land) | |||||
pai | bright (light) | |||||
pal | brown | |||||
R | ||||||
ralnu | to write | K.I. | ||||
S | ||||||
shim | fast | quick | rapid (K.I.) | T.I., K.I. | ||
shotten | hard | |||||
sochizággai | foreign | of/from a different country | ||||
sumaron | underwater | submarine | R.I. | |||
supaéfi | special | noteworthy | outstanding in importance/size/amount… (quantitative) | |||
T | ||||||
taechikyomsol | christian | |||||
toicho | all (K.I.: very strong emphasis) | T.I., K.I. | ||||
tossal | clear | distinct | pronounced | |||
U | ||||||
uítai | valid (K.I.) | durable until (R.I.) | K.I., R.I. | |||
ungsō | calm | peaceful | T.I., K.I. | |||
W | ||||||
weng | wet | |||||
Y | ||||||
yemen | outer | |||||
Z | ||||||
zággai | national | |||||
zóngmo | important | to be considered | to play an important role | R.I. |
Numerals
Numerals in Kojoshi retain a certain stem, and their ending changes depending on what grammatical purpose they serve. Often these endings look similar to the particle with a similar function, although there are many exceptions and irregularities.
When forming large compound numbers, all numerals stay in their standard form and only the last numeral indicates the grammatical function, with 11 and 12 forming exceptions. Particle clusters have to be avoided with numerals. If for example one wants to say "(the item) on the fifth (rank of the shelf)", the particle ending for ~th and "of" would not merge, but instead the lowest tier of information (here the ordinal ~th part) is conveyed in the ending of the numeral, and the other particles are attached after that in their standard form, forming "hile de". Note that these situations usually only occur when the sentences are extremely shortened and all already mentioned information is omitted, as the long form would be "SHELF so hile RANK de".
Ingerish | Standard name of number itself, counting, money |
Quantifier ("so") 5 dogs, 7 years, 10 degrees |
Ordinal number The 5th row |
Year Usually other time particles following |
Day Day of the month, sim. to ord. number |
-ary primary, secondary, tertiary... |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ara | aso | ale | atali | purímaē | |
2 | yaéra | yaésso | yaére | yaettali | sékondaē | |
3 | yúra | yússo | yúre | yuttali | yússodo | |
4 | chura | chuso | chule | chutari | kwátenaē | |
5 | hira | hizo | hile | hitari | kínaē | |
6 | wera | weso | wele | wetari | sénaē | |
7 | yota | yotso | yose | yōdari | yotsodo | |
8 | utta | uttso | usse | uttari | uttsodo | |
9 | inya | inso | inle | indari | insodo | |
10 | tén | ténso | ténle | tettari | ténsodo | |
11 | tárea | táreso | tárele | táratáli | ||
12 | tyáera | tyáso | tyáre | tyaettari | ||
13 | chén-yúra | chén-yússo | chén-yúre | |||
14 | chén-chura | chén-chuso | chén-chule | |||
20 | yaé-cchén | yaé-cchénso | yaé-cchénle | |||
21 | yaé-cchén-ara | yaé-cchén-aso | yaé-cchén-ale | |||
30 | yúra-cchen | yúra-cchenso | yúra-cchénle | |||
40 | chura-cchen | chura-cchenso | chura-cchénle | |||
100 | tōku | tōkuso | tōkure | |||
123 | tōku-yaé-cchén-yúra | tōku-yaé-cchén-yússo | ||||
1,000 | kau | kazo | kalu | |||
1,123 | Kau-tōku-yaé-cchén-yúra | Kau-tōku-yaé-cchén-yússo | ||||
10,000 | tén-kau | tén-kazo | ||||
126,000 | tōku-yaé-cchén-wera-kau | tōku-yaé-cchén-wera-kazo | ||||
1,000,000 | rifilem | rifilso | rifile |
Particles
Particles mark the role of a noun, verb or adjective that they follow in a sentence. Unlike affixes, they are used for a wide range of grammatical (as opposed to contentual) functions and are separated from the word they mark by a space.
-Table to be added-
Time and Date
Months
py = pyilser, hp = hopponese, ax = ataraxian ethymology |
Days of the week
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Pronouns and Determiners
Pronouns in Kojolese differ depending on the register used. The degree of nuancedness varies depending on the register, and some pronouns have different meanings in different registers despite being spelled and pronounced the same.
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- here: ai
- this/these (one here) (pronoun; "I like this"): aile
- this/these (one here) (determiner; "I like this book"): amren
- there: kō
- this/these (one there) (pronoun): kōle
- this/these (one there) (determiner): kol
Verb Conjugation and Modal Verbs
Verbs in Kojolese are conjugated in 6 tenses (past, present and future, each with an optional progressive aspect), genera verbi (active and passive), and can be further modified with modal verbs (want, should, let's...). Kojolese is an agglutinative language, meaning verb modifying morphems can be added to the verb indefinitely until the meaning becomes too complicated for even natives to understand.
In the simple present every verb end in -u, for the progressive aspect this becomes -um. The simple past and past progressive are created with -e and -em, the future and the future progressive (only rarely used) are marked with -i and -im respectively. This also applies to modal verbs.
The active mood is unmarked. The most common way to express passiveness in a larger sentence is to use the (transitive) verb in a noun modifying clause before the respective noun. For example, odamishe tsuri fa toidaebu would mean "the sold flower blooms"/"the flower, that was sold, blooms". The modal verb o.rau was used to turn every verb into the passive form, with the final -u of the verb changing to an "o" (unless there is another vowel before the final -u, then the bridge vowel is not needed). This can indicate passive mood without changing the word order, however in modern Kojolese that is usually perceived as archaic use of language. In passive sentences where in Ingerish the objective of the speaker is to leave out the subject, the subject can simply be omitted in Kojolese and the thing the action is being done to is still marked with the direct subject marker SUM. The sentence "Yaesh sum byoeltsi" would mean "I will be killed", or literally "something (omitted) will kill me".
Verb forms (including modal verbs) can all be negated with the modal verb (u).rau. Where the negation(s) take place in the chains of main verb and modal verbs is very important to the meaning; for example, mish.rai.sau (buy.not.want) means "I don't want to BUY", but mishi.sa.rau (buy.want.not) means "I don't WANT to buy" (but I NEED to/was FORCED to...).
Modal verbs follow the verb they modify, and can build long chains. In the standard form, the modal verb overwrites the tense of the main verb. When it is important to retain the past or future tense of the main verb, the tenses themselves need to be expressed by another modal verb in between the main verb and the following modal verbs. These tense markers are the origin of the modern (shortened) tense forms. In Rikaikishi it is necessary to always use the modal verb form for the past and future tenses when adding modal verbs after the verb, and use the plain form strictly for the present tense. The present progressive aspect is lost in these cases and needs to be emphasized with marker words such as "right now".
Modal verbs usually consist of one or two syllables, and change the last syllable of the predecessor depending on the syllable structure. There are three ways the final syllable(s) of a verb (including modal verbs themselves) can look like:
- M-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a versatile consonant) (Type 1)
- F-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a fixed consonant) (Type 2)
- -V-u (the -u stands alone after a syllable ending in a vowel) (Type 3)
FC=fixed cons., can only stand at beginning; M=Versatile cons.; V=Vowel
Depending on the types above, modal verbs might simply change the -u to another vowel, keep the -u, or attach themselves to the stem (e.g. leave out the bridge vowel completely).
i.sau - to want á.u - to can o.myu - to try e.kkyu- must ("soft"; in order for something else) -must ("hard"; under any condition) (u).rau - NOT; U only when there is a fixed consonant before final -u, e.g. syllable needs to be completed. ue.meru - begin -.ngu - to end i.salnu- shall, is supposed to, imperative in K.I. o.rau - passive
Affixes
Affixes are used to create compound words with a more nuanced meaning compared to the base word. Unlike Particles, they do not influence the grammatical but the contentual function of a word and are not separated by a space mark. They can be added after (suffix) or before (prefix) the base word.
Changing word class
To From
|
Verb | Noun | Adjective |
---|---|---|---|
Verb | - | root (sometimes full verb)+-doen/-molno/-sói/-hīchon...: standard nominalisation stem+sha/cha: "doer" |
-u/e/i.mfel (not to be confused with Ingerish -ing or -ed form, usually carries different meaning than equivalent simple noun-modifying clause ("analytical" instead of "analysing") |
Noun | -yu/-shu turns noun into action most commonly associated; actor -> to act To make something <noun>; large array of affixes and prefixes, see below the table ... |
- | -daeki creates common adjective ... ... |
Adjective | to make something <adjective>: -ku/-jaeyu/-yōnshu to become <adjective>: PH. |
-msol creates common noun: liberal<ism> sha/cha a person that is... |
- |
verb root: drop the final syllable
verb stem: drop the final u when preceding consonant can be put at the end of a syllable, otherwise change u to i.
Place names
- -sul common for towns and cities
- -uel common for villages
- -kwen bath, spa town
- -tsūm like -dom in dukedom, kingdom etc
- -chae added to aforementioned suffixes to create the general word for village, city etc.
- -chi market
- -nai rock, mountain
- -gwo valley, side of a mountain slide
- -rū valley, plain between to mountains
Streets
- -daitō large representative boulevard
- sal large representative ring road
- -kesha major arterial road
- -toku collector road
- -tyambun planned street running orthogonal to purposeful axis
- -tyam'mi planned scenic park-avenue, usually with trees and visual axis
- -sol path, old trade route
- -michi common residential street
- -roekka bypass, through-pass
- -tsu narrow alley
- -kal (race) track
- Gúwan square
Qualitative
- zóng(shin)- central (main)
- shi- central (region)
- shad-(vowel) / shadd-(syllable with versatile cons./h, cons. replaced by dd) / sha-(syllables with fixed cons., fixed cons. doubled) far
- dō- regional
- ta- large, big, major, of a different scale
- ko- small, minor
- hakk-/hang/, (-vowel/w->y/y, -consonant) special, out of the ordinary, unusual
- sō-/sōf (-cons., -vowel) ordinary, normal, usual, general
- soém/soémi (-vowel.,-cons.) semi-, half, hybrid
- bol- all, overview
- miji- inter-
- arha- first, starting point (arhazi, arhawe)
- nakkō- prior (nakkōzi, nakkōwe)
- a'-(cons.) / ā-(w, y) / apy-(vowel) next, subsequent(ajji, azi, āwe)
- baélj-(vowel) / baél- last ending point(baélzi, baélwe)
- icch- inwards, impact, to (be) hit, arrivals
- hyoel- to buy, to win for one's side
- ota-/oda- to let go/give away/to loosen
- maekk- outward, to go away/to flee/to depart
- oso- like Ingerish re-, "again" or "back"
- saekk- / sae-(dbl. cons.) to go on, continue, to not end
Noun specifiers and generalizers
- -we generic building, example: hyosilwe, office building; Gēshusamnengwe, Opera house; Yínyuē-Taitaiwe, theatre ...
- -sha creates a profession etc. from a noun or sometimes from a verb: Demomínzu<sha> -> Democracy<crat>
- -saē -fare, as in shipfare, airfare; -layer/-level, as in federal level, surface layer
- -lai -craft as in aircraft, motorcraft
- -ka palace, residency (archaic)
- -kaso research institute
- -zi some type of public transportation, usually rail: Chezi, Norikichezi, Dōzi, Dyanchezi
- -kanú shop
- -díso place, site (construction site etc.)
- -gyu area, site (industrial/commercial area, landuse etc.)
- -gwo plant, as in "power plant", or work, as in "waterworks"