User:Zhenkang/Kanglapolish language

Kanglapolish (Kanglapolish: ᥐᥣᥒᥚᥣᥖᥞᥣ Kangpatsa) is a language isolate spoken in Kanglapo, where it is the official and national language. It is the language of the Katayans, which is the principal ethnic group of Kanglapo. Beyond Kanglapo, the language is a recognised minority language in its neighbouring countries such as the Bai Empire and Huaxia, spoken mainly by Katayans outside of Kanglapolish borders. The common dialect spoken is the Nanson dialect, though other dialects and variants are spoken in other parts of Kanglapo.

While Kanglapolish is a language isolate, the language has seen influences from Baiyu and plenty of Axiatic and Ardentic languages spoken in the Northern Archanta region. Modern Kanglapolish is written in Pathannok, believed to be derived from the Nakah script.

Phonology

Consonants

↓ Manner/Place →	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Stop	p pʰ		t tʰ d	ʈ		k kʰ
Affricate			ʦ ʦʰ		ʨ ʨʰ
Fricative		f	s z	ʂ ʂʰ ʐ		x
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓ Manner/Place →	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i y		ɯ u uː
Near-high			ʊ
High-mid	e eː		ɤ o oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid			ʌ
Low	a aː

Script

Kanglapolish uses the Pathannok (ᥚᥣᥖᥑᥣᥢᥢᥨᥐ) script, derived from the Nakah script. Historically, Bai characters have also been used and adapted especially during periods of Bai tributary rule. Kanglapolish then was written in a mixed Bai-Pathannok script, where most lexical roots were written in Baiyu and grammatical forms in the Kanglapolish alphabet. Under Surian occupation, an attempt was made to use the Surian script for the language. Due to the difficulty in adapting the script for the language and the inconsistent transcription rules, this policy was abandoned. By the time of its independence, Baiyu characters had been phased out, and Kanglapolish only uses Pathannok to this day.

Consonants
Character	ᥙ	ᥚ	ဒ	ᥐ	ᥠ	ᥑ	ᥒ	ᥖ	ᥗ	ဖ	ᥘ	ລ	ᥛ	ᥢ	ᥓ	ᥝ	ᥔ	ᥟ	ᥡ	ᥞ	ဆ	စ
IPA	[p]	[pʰ]	[d]	[k]	[kʰ]	[x]	[ŋ]	[t]	[tʰ]	[f]	[l]	[ʐ]	[m]	[n]	[ts]	[ʈʂ]	[ʨʰ]	[ʦʰ]	[ʈʂʰ]	[s]	[ʂ]	[tɕ]
Surian transcription	п	пх	д	кх/к	к/кь	х	нъ	т	тх	ф	ль/л	зр/р	м	н	ц	жх	чх/щ	ц	чь	с	ш/щ	ж
Old Romanisation	p	ph	d	k	kh	hs	ng	t	th	f	l	z	m	n	c	jh	cj	ts	tsh	s	sh	j
Romanisation	b	p	d	k	g	h	ng	t	th	f	l	r	m	n	z	zh	czh	c	ch	s	sh	j

Vowels
Character	ᥕ	ᥣ	ᥭ	ᥝ	ᥤ	ᥪ	ᥬ	ᥬᥩ	ᥤᥝ	ᥫ	ᥥ	ᥦ	ᥩ	ᥨ	ᥨᥭ	ᥧ	ᥧᥭ	ᥧᥭ
IPA	[j]	[a]	[ai]	[ao]	[i]	[y]	[iʌ]	[iʌo]	[iu]	[ʌ], [ə]	[e]	[e(ː)]	[o], [ʊ]	[ɤ]	[oi]	[w], [u], [ɯ]	[ui]	[uai]
Romanisation	y	a	ai	ao	i	ü/yu	ie	eo	iu	e	ei	ae	ou	o	oi	u	ui	uai

Romanisation

The Lomanpat'han (literally meaning 'Romanised script') is the current official romanisation system of the Kanglapolish language. The system, developed by a group of Kanglapolish linguists in the early 20th century, was based on the romanised system for Baiyu due to shared consonant and vowel sounds. In cases of ambiguity, orthographic syllable boundaries are indicated with an apostrophe or hyphens. The system was revised several times, especially simplifying the use of breves, apostrophes, hyphens and diereses, and consonant and vowel clusters.

Grammar

Kanglapolish follows the same order of words in the Ingerish language: subject-verb-object. (e.g. 'I eat rice', ᥛᥫ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥛᥭ Me zat mai). As in Ingerish, adjectives come before the nouns they describe, and adverbs are placed after the verb/adjective.

Derivational morphology

Kanglapolish has prefixes on words to indicate plurals for nouns and tenses for verbs. For example, 'I ate rice' would be 'Me shizat mai' with 'shi-' to indicate the verb in the past tense. However, usually, when information like tense is clear from the context, the prefix might be omitted (e.g. 'I ate rice an hour ago', ᥕᥤᥡ ᥛᥤᥢဖᥪ ဆᥤᥠᥨᥭ, ᥛᥫ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥛᥭ Ich minfü shigoi, me zat mai).

Kanglapolish nouns are genderless but have plural/singular forms indicated by suffixes. For example, 'dog' in Kanglapolish is 'gahyaik'. In plural form, 'dogs' will be 'dotgahyaik' ('dot' meaning 'many'). However, similarly to the above, when it's clear how many items there are (with a counter/classifier), the suffix would usually be dropped (e.g. 'three dogs' would be 'sam gahyaik'). Kanglapolish does not encode definite and indefinite articles. Demonstratives are used, however, to point out a specific item.

Tense	Prefixes
	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
Past	ဆᥤ-	shi-
Future	ᥖᥣ-	ta-

Word class changes	Suffixes
	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
Adjective → adverb	-ဒᥨᥐ	-dok
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj])	-ဒᥧᥛ	-dum
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj])	-ᥖᥨᥐ	-tok
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic)	-ဒᥭᥐ	-daik
Noun → verb	-ဆᥧᥐ	-shuk
Verb → adjective (e.g. analytical → analysing)	-ᥛᥨᥐ	-mok
Verb → noun	-ᥞᥨᥭ	-soi

Demonstratives

The following are words to refer to or point out a person or an object.

Demonstrative		Kanglapolish	Romanisation
Near speaker	This	ᥖᥤ	ti
	Here	ဒᥤ	di
	This way	ᥖᥤဒᥣᥐ	tidak
Far from speaker	That	ᥖᥣᥛ	tam
	There	ဒᥣ	da
	That way	ᥖᥣᥛဒᥣᥐ	tamdak

Pronouns

The pronouns of Kanglapolish are as follows:

Pronouns	Singular		Plural
	Kanglapolish	Romanisation	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
1st (I, we)	ᥛᥫ/ᥙᥨ-ᥛᥫ	me / po'me (formal)	ဒᥨᥖᥛᥫ	dotme
2nd (you)	ᥑᥣ/ᥑᥣᥐ	ha / hak (formal)	ဒᥨᥖᥑᥣ/ဒᥨᥖᥙᥨᥑᥣᥐ	dot'ha / dot'pohak (formal)
3rd (he)	ᥐᥭ/ᥙᥨ-ᥐᥭ	kai / po'kai (formal)	ဒᥨᥖᥐᥦᥐ/ဒᥨ-ᥖᥙᥨ-ᥐᥦᥐ	dotkaek / dot'po'kaek (formal)
3rd (she)	ᥐᥣᥛ	kam
3rd (they)	ᥐᥦᥐ	kaek

Possessive forms are indicated with an additional suffix 'tae' after the pronoun. Hence 'his' would be 'kaitae'.

Prepositions

Ingerish	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
In
Out
Above
On
Behind
Near
By/Beside
Down
Between
From
Into
Under
With
Within
To
Beneath
Before
After
Across

Questions

When a question is formed, the order of words does not change unlike Ingerish. Question words are usually added at the end of a sentence. For a question with a 'yes' or 'no' (or 'maybe') answer, the question word 'hou' is added at the end. For example, 'ᥑᥣ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥛᥭ ᥑᥩ? ha zat mai hou?' literally translates to ' You eat food (yet)?'. Question words like 'what' and 'who' simply replace the noun they are referring to. For example 'ᥑᥣ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥡᥩ? ha zat chou' literally translates to 'You eat what?'.

Authoritative language institutions

The Kanglapolish language is standardised by the Kanglapolish National Institute of the Katayan Language, which issues authoritative guides and dictionaries on the use of the language. The institute also coordinates the government's projects of propagating the Katayan language and culture.