User:Zhenkang/Kanglapolish language

Kanglapolish (Kanglapolish: ᥐᥣᥒᥚᥣᥖᥞᥣ Kangpatsa) is a language isolate spoken in Kanglapo, where it is the official and national language. It is the language of the Katayans, which is the principal ethnic group of Kanglapo. Beyond Kanglapo, the language is a recognised minority language in its neighbouring countries such as the Bai Empire and Huaxia, spoken mainly by Katayans outside of Kanglapolish borders. The common dialect spoken is the Nanson dialect, though other dialects and variants are spoken in other parts of Kanglapo.

While Kanglapolish is a language isolate, the language has seen influences from Baiyu and plenty of Axiatic and Ardentic languages spoken in the Northern Archanta region. Modern Kanglapolish is written in Pathannok, believed to be derived from the Nakah script.

Phonology

Consonants

↓ Manner/Place →	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Stop	p pʰ		t tʰ d	ʈ		k kʰ
Affricate			ʦ ʦʰ		ʨ ʨʰ
Fricative		f	s z	ʂ ʂʰ ʐ		x
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓ Manner/Place →	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i y		ɯ u uː
Near-high			ʊ
High-mid	e eː		ɤ o oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid			ʌ
Low	a aː

Script

Kanglapolish uses the Pathannok (ᥚᥣᥖᥑᥣᥢᥢᥨᥐ) script, derived from the Nakah script. Historically, Bai characters have also been used and adapted especially during periods of Bai tributary rule. Kanglapolish then was written in a mixed Bai-Pathannok script, where most lexical roots were written in Baiyu and grammatical forms in the Kanglapolish alphabet. Under Surian occupation, an attempt was made to use the Surian script for the language. Due to the difficulty in adapting the script for the language and the inconsistent transcription rules, this policy was abandoned. By the time of its independence, Baiyu characters had been phased out, and Kanglapolish only uses Pathannok to this day.

Consonants
Character	ᥙ	ᥚ	ဒ	ᥐ	ᥠ	ᥑ	ᥒ	ᥖ	ᥗ	ဖ	ᥘ	ລ	ᥛ	ᥢ	ᥓ	ᥝ	ᥔ	ᥟ	ᥡ	ᥞ	ဆ	စ	ᥕ
IPA	[p]	[pʰ]	[d]	[k]	[kʰ]	[x]	[ŋ]	[t]	[tʰ]	[f]	[l]	[ʐ]	[m]	[n]	[ts]	[ʈʂ]	[ʨʰ]	[ʦʰ]	[ʈʂʰ]	[s]	[ʂ]	[tɕ]	[j]
Surian transcription	п/б	пх/п	д	кх/к	к/кь	х	нъ	т	тх	ф	ль/л	зр/р	м	н	з/ц/цз	жх/чж	чх/щ	ц	чь/ч	с	ш/щ	ж	й
Old Romanisation	p	ph	d	k	kh	hs	ng	t	th	f	l	z	m	n	c	jh	cj	ts	tsh	s	sh	j	y
Romanisation	b	p	d	k	g	h	ng	t	th	f	l	r	m	n	z	zh	czh	c	ch	s	sh	j	y

Vowels
Character	ᥣ	ᥭ	ᥝ	ᥤ	ᥪ	ᥬ	ᥬᥩ	ᥤᥝ	ᥫ	ᥥ	ᥦ	ᥩ	ᥨ	ᥨᥭ	ᥧ	ᥧᥤ	ᥧᥭ
IPA	[a]	[ai]	[ao]	[i]	[y]	[iʌ]	[iʌo]	[iu]	[ʌ], [ə]	[e]	[e(ː)]	[o], [ʊ]	[ɤ]	[oi]	[w], [u], [ɯ]	[ui]	[uai]
Surian transcription	а	ай	аo	и	ый	йе/е	ё	ю	е́	е	э	o	о́	oй	у	уй	уай
Old Romanisation	a	ai	ao	i	Ï	ie	eo	eu/yu	e	ë	ë'	ŏ	o	oi	w/u	wi	wai
Romanisation	a	ai	ao	i	ü/yu	ie	io/eo	iu	e	ei	ae	ou	o	oi	w (at start)/u	ui	uai

Romanisation

The Lomanpat'han (literally meaning 'Romanised script') is the current official romanisation system of the Kanglapolish language. The system, developed by a group of Kanglapolish linguists in the early 20th century, was based on the romanised system for Baiyu due to shared consonant and vowel sounds. In cases of ambiguity, orthographic syllable boundaries are indicated with an apostrophe or hyphens. The system was revised several times, especially simplifying the use of breves, apostrophes, hyphens and diereses, and consonant and vowel clusters.

Grammar

Kanglapolish follows the same order of words in the Ingerish language: subject-verb-object. (e.g. 'I eat rice', ᥛᥫ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥛᥭ Me zat mai). As in Ingerish, adjectives come before the nouns they describe, and adverbs are placed after the verb/adjective.

Derivational morphology

Kanglapolish has prefixes on words to indicate plurals for nouns and tenses for verbs. For example, 'I ate rice' would be 'Me shizat mai' with 'shi-' to indicate the verb in the past tense. However, usually, when information like tense is clear from the context, the prefix might be omitted (e.g. 'I ate rice an hour ago', ᥕᥤᥡ ᥛᥤᥢဖᥪ ဆᥤᥠᥨᥭ, ᥛᥫ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥛᥭ Ich minfü shigoi, me zat mai).

Kanglapolish nouns are genderless but have plural/singular forms indicated by suffixes. For example, 'dog' in Kanglapolish is 'gahyaik'. In plural form, 'dogs' will be 'dotgahyaik' ('dot' meaning 'many'). However, similarly to the above, when it's clear how many items there are (with a counter/classifier), the suffix would usually be dropped (e.g. 'three dogs' would be 'sam gahyaik'). Kanglapolish does not encode definite and indefinite articles. Demonstratives are used, however, to point out a specific item.

To make a verb or adjective negative, a suffix '-shen' will be added.

Tense	Prefixes
	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
Past	ဆᥤ-	shi-
Future	ᥖᥣ-	ta-

Word class changes	Suffixes
	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
Adjective → adverb	-ဒᥨᥐ	-dok
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj])	-ဒᥧᥛ	-dum
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj])	-ᥖᥨᥐ	-tok
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic)	-ဒᥭᥐ/-ᥞᥨᥢ	-daik/-son
Noun → verb	-ဆᥧᥐ/-ᥞᥧᥐ	-shuk/-sok
Verb → adjective (e.g. analytical → analysing)	-ᥛᥨᥐ	-mok
Verb → noun	-ᥞᥨᥭ	-soi

Demonstratives

The following are words to refer to or point out a person or an object.

Demonstrative		Kanglapolish	Romanisation
Near speaker	This	ᥖᥤ	ti
	Here	ဒᥤ	di
	This way	ᥖᥤဒᥣᥐ	tidak
Far from speaker	That	ᥖᥣᥛ	tam
	There	ဒᥣ	da
	That way	ᥖᥣᥛဒᥣᥐ	tamdak

Pronouns

The pronouns of Kanglapolish are as follows:

Pronouns	Singular		Plural
	Kanglapolish	Romanisation	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
1st (I, we)	ᥛᥫ/ᥙᥨ-ᥛᥫ	me / po'me (formal)	ဒᥨᥖᥛᥫ	dotme
2nd (you)	ᥑᥣ/ᥑᥣᥐ	ha / hak (formal)	ဒᥨᥖᥑᥣ/ဒᥨᥖᥙᥨᥑᥣᥐ	dot'ha / dot'pohak (formal)
3rd (he)	ᥐᥭ/ᥙᥨ-ᥐᥭ	kai / po'kai (formal)	ဒᥨᥖᥐᥦᥐ/ဒᥨ-ᥖᥙᥨ-ᥐᥦᥐ	dotkaek / dot'po'kaek (formal)
3rd (she)	ᥐᥣᥛ	kam
3rd (they)	ᥐᥦᥐ	kaek

Possessive forms are indicated with an additional suffix 'tae' after the pronoun. Hence 'his' would be 'kaitae'.

Possessives

The most common way of showing possessives in Kanglapolish is adding 'tae' between the noun/pronoun and the subject in question. For example, 'her bag' would be translated to 'ᥐᥣᥛᥖᥦ ᥙᥝᥖᥣ kamtae baota'. The verb 'toi', meaning 'have' in Ingerish, is also used to express possession. For example, 'I have money' will translate into 'ᥛᥫ ᥖᥨᥭ ᥐᥨဆ-ᥛᥣ me toi koshma'.

Prepositions

Ingerish	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
In
Out
Above
On
Behind
Near
By/Beside
Down
Between
From
Into
Under
With
Within
To
Beneath
Before
After
Across

Questions

When a question is formed, the order of words does not change unlike Ingerish. Question words are usually added at the end of a sentence. For a question with a 'yes' or 'no' (or 'maybe') answer, the question word 'hou' is added at the end. For example, 'ᥑᥣ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥛᥭ ᥑᥩ? ha zat mai hou?' literally translates to ' You eat food (yet)?'. Question words like 'what' and 'who' simply replace the noun they are referring to. For example 'ᥑᥣ ᥓᥣᥖ ᥡᥩ? ha zat chou' literally translates to 'You eat what?'.

Ingerish	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
Who	ဆᥦ	shae
When	ᥗᥣᥛ	tham
Where	ᥢᥣᥐ	nak
Which	ᥘᥧᥐ	luk
What	ᥡᥩ	chou
How much	ᥙᥤᥐဒᥣᥖ	pikdat
How many	ᥙᥤᥐဒᥨᥖ	pikdot
How	ᥙᥣᥐ	pak

Vocabulary

The core of the Kanglapolish vocabulary is made up of native words. A significant proportion of the vocabulary, however, have words borrowed from Baiyu and, to a lesser extent, other regional languages like Neeg, Kyawal and Nakah. Surian words have also entered the Kanglapolish lexicon during the Surian occupation.

The Kanglapolish government sought to eliminate and limit linguistic borrowings through political objectives aimed at eliminating foreign influences on the language. Recent words to describe modern concepts, like computer (ဆᥨᥐᥟᥣᥖᥢᥨᥖ shokcatnot, meaning 'electric brain') and socialism (ᥞᥣᥐᥚᥨ-ᥛᥤᥢ sakpomin, meaning 'People's shared welfare'), are derived from existing vocabulary or extensions of meanings of certain words.

Numerals

The Kanglapolish language uses base 7 for the numbering system, reflected on its banknote denominations and historical measurement systems. While the government has officially adopted the new base 10 system for ease of transcations, base 7 still remain the prevelant use of the country particularly in the rural areas.

Ingerish	Base 7		Base 10
	Kanglapolish	Romanisation	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
1	ᥤᥡ	ich	ᥤᥡ	ich
2	ဒᥧᥦ	due	ဒᥧᥦ	due
3	ᥞᥣᥛ	sam	ᥞᥣᥛ	sam
4	ᥐᥧᥣ	kua	ᥐᥧᥣ	kua
5	ᥧ	u	ဖᥬ	fie
6	ᥢᥩᥒ	nong	ᥢᥩᥒ	nong
7	ᥐᥤᥝ	kiu	ᥐᥤᥝ	kiu
8	ᥐᥤᥝ ᥤᥡ	kiu ich	ᥚᥣ	pa
9	ᥐᥤᥝ ဒᥧᥦ	kiu due	စᥬᥩ	jiong
10	ᥐᥤᥝ ᥞᥣᥛ	kiu sam	ᥞᥣ	sa
14	ဒᥧᥦ ᥐᥤᥝ	due kiu	ᥞᥣ ᥐᥧᥣ	sa kua
20	ဒᥧᥦ ᥐᥤᥝ ᥢᥩᥒ	due kiu nong	ဒᥧᥦ ᥞᥣ	due sa
49	ᥛᥬ	mie	ᥐᥧᥣ ᥞᥣ စᥬᥩ	kua sa jiong
100 (2 mies and two)	ဒᥧᥦ ᥛᥬ ဒᥧᥦ	due mie due	ᥙᥦᥐ	baek
343	ᥞᥨᥖ	sot	ᥞᥣᥛ ᥙᥦᥐ ᥐᥧᥣ ᥞᥣ ᥞᥣᥛ	sam baek kua sa sam
2401 (24 hundreds and one)	ဒᥩ	dou	ဒᥧᥦ ᥞᥣ ᥐᥧᥣ ᥙᥦᥐ ᥤᥡ	due sa kua baek ich
10000 (4 dous, 1 sot, 1 mie and four)	ᥐᥧᥣ ဒᥩ ᥤᥡ ᥞᥨᥖ ᥤᥡ ᥛᥬ ᥐᥧᥣ	kua dou ich sot ich mie kua	ᥧᥣᥢ	wan

For ordinals, the suffix 'fan' is added.

Directions and places

Ingerish	Kanglapolish	Romanisation
North	ᥙᥦ	bae
South	ᥢᥣᥢ	nan
East	ဒᥩᥒ	doung
West	ᥝᥨᥭ	zhoi
Central/centre	ᥔᥨᥒ	czhong
Metres	ᥟᥭᥛ	caim
Road	ᥘᥧᥐ	luk
Avenue	ဒᥭᥘᥧᥐ	dailuk
Lane	ᥢᥩᥘᥧᥐ	nouluk
Street (paved)	ဒᥭစᥤᥢ	daijin
Street (short)	စᥤᥢ	jin
Village	ᥚᥫᥖ	pet
Town	ᥙᥨ-ᥚᥫᥖ	po'pet
City	ᥡᥬᥩᥒ	cheong
Capital	ᥡᥬᥩᥒဖᥧ	cheongfu
Province	ᥞᥫᥢ	sen
Island	ᥖᥧᥣ	tua

Authoritative language institutions

The Kanglapolish language is standardised by the Kanglapolish National Institute of the Katayan Language, which issues authoritative guides and dictionaries on the use of the language. The institute also coordinates the government's projects of propagating the Katayan language and culture.