Kinglavia

Main Word Database

Nouns

Kojoshi	Ingerish 1	Ingerish 2	Ingerish 3	Ingerish 4	Ingerish 5	Registry (if not universal)
A
acchōfu	government	executive
aekko	draft	sketch
aékkwe	annex (building)
aenkaiwe	stadium
aenlai	aircraft					K.I., R.I.
aentágyu	forest (area)
aentē	forest	R.I.: forest biotope
a'éropō	airport
ajji	next station
aki	glas
alfya	class	category
alshokku	breakfast					K.I.
alshū	morning
alshūs	morning (archaic)
altífōwe	archive
am	rain
amha	summer					T.I., K.I.
amrong	castle built on top of a ridge or hill
ánal	analysis
arem	sun
arhazi	first station
arihang	archery
ashkal	world					T.I., K.I.
ashkan	work	service
ashkínoe	autumn					T.I., K.I.
assol	union (not labour unions)
atómiwe	police station
atóm'yi	police
ātsu	coal
áyunki	trait	specific characteristic
azaggu	nation
B
baélzi	last station	direction of a train
balgafáchūm	prosperity	control
bálkon	balcony
Bánakin	army (military)
bappoeregwol	proceeding	process	R.I.: provision (clause that offers exception to a law)			K.I., R.I.
Bikkimolno-Dyangfuē	zoological garden
búbue	intramuros	area of a settlement inside its (historic) fortification
buéro	city office/department
Būmal	equiv. Of a Bachelor's degree
buntamshan	civilisation
byoengwe	hospital
C
chai	page	sheet
chákkoe	fort	citadelle
champyonsaē	waterway
cheryu	white
chigai	art
cho	forest (place names)
choria	tanning
chóntse	opportunity	option to do sth.				R.I.
chúju	fluency
D
Daebi	brother					T.I.
Dáhano	Administration
darasushan	age	era
dattarān	supreme court
denching	telecommunication
denkan	telephone box
densoi	telephone
díchi	geology
dígwansol	diplomatic mission	embassy staff
do	point
dómaen	discipline	field of study/work
duére	executive order	directive
E
efoengzon	quarry	pit	opencast mine
ekkaem	view point on a langluet/on a coast
engshō	weather	climate				K.I., R.I.
éshkim	fencing
esshae	war	battle				T.I., K.I.
F
fan’goel	place of work
fan’gwo	laboratory
fármasi	pharmacy					T.I., K.I.
fōbal (lui)	(for) example
foeton	freight
Forsamé	armed forces
fóski	gold
G
gafamdoen	duty	task	function
gangmi	ocean
gántsu	treasure
gáronti	guarantee	responsibility for correctness				R.I.
gekkwae	theatre
Gimbye kōfogótsu	Motorway (in Kojo)
gíntai	output	performance	accomplishment
gipun	science (broad)
gisshae	K.I.: night	R.I.: time between sunset and sunrise				K.I., R.I.
góbal	allowance	flat-rate
gōf	golf
gōsaei	region	large area
gōsaeidaran	regional court
góuwushenzóngwe	shopping mall
gukyaei	building	object	property			R.I.
Guóhuwei-Kenzai	botanical garden
H
hael’yéron	qualification	eligibilty	competence	meeting a required criterion
Hainye	father					K.I.
halfān	neighbour
hakkāyue	issue	matter	affair
hakke	convention	assembly
hakkedan	parliamentary group	party faction
halim	leaf
hāmaeltai	municipality
han'gara	technology
hayelichē	suspension railway
hīmchi	basis	fundament
hipparā	construction site					T.I., K.I.
hōfi	valley
hōkengdō	career
hōsol	job vacancy	empty post
hulo	tunnel
hún'gō	shipfare	shipping
hunraku	department store
hyeng	rail	platform
hyenglai	train
hyengmang	railyard	train parking space
hyengjo	railyard	railway maintenance facility
hyosil	office	(blue-collar) work place
I
icchisho	arrivals
icchoetsōno	immigration
igaengchi	relationship (between countries, companies…)
ikko	entrance
ilza	book
imre	salary	pay (private sector)	wage
indásu	industry
Ingli	sister					T.I.
ingyoe	content
ishkel	control
J
jae	evening
jaei	land	soil	earth's surface
jaeikol	runway (airfare)
jaeyosohyoel	land reclamation
jan	wheel
jer	evening (archaic)
jessu	spring					K.I.
jil	tooth
Jōbunhakke	people's convention (Kojolese parliament)
jōbunittai	petition	people's input
ju (jur)	water (T.I.)	drinking water (K.I.)	body of water (T.I.)	sewage or clean pipe water (R.I.)
jugwo	waterworks	sewage treatment plant
K
kábunjowe	stock exchange
kaengdo	density
kágaldosim	inner city
kaiyan	campus
karetaki	stone age
kassul	capital city					T.I., K.I.
katu	terrace
kázen	casern	barracks
kikai	opportunity	chance				K.I.
koémangchiwe	market hall
kōfeibunwe	city/town hall
kōfojessizi	rest area	motorway station
kógalwe	(tv) studio
kóha	hut	small house
kojōken	allotment garden	garden colony
kókke	council
kokkyō	border
kónfaero	conference
kóntsuridíso	construction site	site				R.I.
kōuetamolno	deli					R.I.
kowe	grave (arch.)	burial site (arch.)
kúriyé	Postal service
kuttuem	custom (cultural)
Kwachae	woman					K.I.
kwang	monastery
kyakkai	cooperative	cooperation
kyamulwe	ferry house
kyanbun	(private) agency
kyanfā	(national government) agency
L
láfontāsh	advantage
laidō	road, street	vehicle carriage way				R.I.
lánche	insect					R.I.
lettore	letter
lezí	population	inhabitants
líchi	lake
lishi	history
loeggwi	fire
loekkwiman	fire station
logishtikku	logistics
lózipō	sport airfield	leisure airport
lū	light	brightness
luchano	tourist	visitor
lūshiwe	cinema					K.I., R.I.
lūzáitaiwe	film studio
luwa	law
M
mā	human
maeil	E-Mail
maekkisho	departure
maekkoetsōno	emigration
Maekkyosil	Prefect
Maekkyosilfā	Office of the Prefect
maēro	labyrinth	hedge maze
maltyam	march	parade
Mama	mother	mum				T.I.
man'gwo	power plant
mankai	competition
marīchon	training
Máyol	mother					K.I.
méishī	deli					T.I., K.I.
mekí	mosque
milītaeryu	military
miren	partner (so. who shares a common interest)
mítom	part-time job
moēbael	(custom) furniture	moveables				K.I.
moeta	horizon	outlook				T.I., K.I.
myeru	the state	type of government/political system
N
nafahang	harbour					T.I., K.I.
nagarasha	(university) student
nain	mountain
nakkōzi	prior station
nálnūm	last name (lit.: chosen name)
néruka	present
netsū	(river) shore	(river) bank
nihoelwe	lighthouse
nil	water well
noé	node					R.I.
nomi	map
O
Ochae	man					K.I.
Óduekin	air force (milit.)
oezónkai	festival (usually religious)					K.I.
Ófal	egg	oval
Olkasha	Professor
Ōkarong	equiv. of a PhD/doctoral degree
okkong	contract	treaty				R.I.
ómpessha	disabled person
ónagara	University
oshoeng	public
osodōchiti	reference number
osoingamsói	responsibility
osofaé	cruise
osofaélai	cruise ship
osómaei	renumeration	pay-grade (state officials)
osozal	copy	duplication				T.I., K.I.
otash	display	exhibit				K.I., R.I.
P
pacchan	rice (grown in flooded paddies)
pahanjī	requirement
pāng	glory
Papa	father	dad				T.I.
párfo	perfume	fragrance
párlekai	parliament (generic term)
pashkil	foundation	trust	endowment
patsū	proof
Paushil	navy (milit.)
pautang	harbour	landing stage				T.I.
payata	shoe
pecchi	pet					T.I.
pelgwo	resource
pitōn	festival					T.I.
pilge	trade guild
pyuesan	(Institutional) power, might
R
raén	Queen (historic title in western Kojo
raito	web application	online-plattform
rajaen’gyo	strategy
rakuotashwe	pharmacy					R.I.
raribawe	water park	swimming pool for playing
rarizai	theme park
refāgyu	unit inside a ministry	field of expertise inside an organisation
reggyadum	management	managing
rénle	bird
ressoróng	restaurant
rézo	network
ríkin	research
rízai	mind	brain (metaphorically)				T.I., K.I.
rinin	personell
roélijon	religion
roen‘giésh	expertise	practically aquired knowledge
Rōka	equiv. of a (non-consecutive) Master's degree
S
saeffusói	continuation	sequel
saekkai	parliamentary (standing) committee					T.I., K.I.
sākal	circle	ring				T.I., K.I.
sāmahando	constitution
senka	subject (at uni)
senpā	room	chamber
sēzu	politics	policy (general strategy, not specific law)
shaekoto	minimum
shaetado	maximum
shataei	certificate
shil	heart					T.I., K.I.
shínchopō	(Kojolese) constitution
shíyubi	defense
shóukai	(trade) fair
showaeng	property					R.I.
showugan	museum
simitachi	cemetery
sín	cinema					T.I.
sochizággai	overseas	foreign lands
soelsha	sister					K.I., R.I.
sogwosoi	surrounding	environment
solkai	club	chamber
sul'apétawe	town/city hall
sulchae	city	town				R.I.
T
tácham	flood
taē	(planet) earth					R.I.
Taechi	cross
taechikyō	christianity	christian church (denomination, community)
taechisūsha	christians
taedo	cross-section	intersection
taéte	treaty	contract				K.I.
taigi	sport
táikomi	hope	good outlook
tákoechiwe	wholesale	central market
tanī	family					T.I., K.I.
tasha	landscape
tau	K.I., R.I.: daytime	T.I.: day
tilan	(string of) number (s)
tepol	pottery	ceramic work	clay work
tesan	view(point)	sight	perspective	(contentual) standpoint
tokkyaen	town (place names)
tokkyaenbu	type of medieval city wall
tom	(public transport) ticket
Tónsae	brother					K.I., R.I.
tsukikae	replacement					T.I., K.I.
tsumri	winter					K.I.
tsungbon	culture
tsuri	flower
tyanhā	canal
U
uelchae	village					R.I.
uelfā	service (municipal agency on the regional level)
uénki	territory
ufobal	timetable (transportation)
ugóbawe	swimming pool for excercise/sport
uimtan	question	inquiri				K.I.
umki	general characteristic	quality				R.I.
uzam	energy (power network)
W
wamzudamolno	spatial planning
waken	garden
weiwe	prison
wimdai	commerce
woke	arm	limb
wokkwe	elongated building
wúhakkai	organisation	association				R.I.
Y
yaecchu	spring					T.I.
yaélai	bicycle					T.I., K.I.
yaesshang’gwol	(job) benefit	bonus	additional perk
yera	dream
yerantsu	bliss	fortune	luck
yētekel	language
yilchúmi	interest	concern	need
yinfa	colour
yultai	(natural) environment
yuralchēgwin’gwae	idiosyncrasy	quirk	distinctive attribute
Z
zággaitsol	country	nation
Zangákka	equiv. of a (consecutive) Master's degree
zan’ne	day (24 hours)					K.I., R.I.
zaráng	heritage
zenbawe	spa	onsen	swimming pool for relaxation
zensho	grammar
zēsayin	(border) customs
zibbu	department	subsection of a company/public authority
zika	horse
zō	victim					T.I., K.I.
zoggwaran	synagogue
zueshóukai	(trade) fair

Verbs

Kojoshi	Ingerish 1	Ingerish 2	Ingerish 3	Ingerish 4	Ingerish 5	Registry (if not universal)
A
amshu	to begin doing something	to take office				K.I., R.I.
amyu	to rain	rain
anályu	to analyse
aru	to be	to exist somewhere				K.I.
azelu	to say	to chat	to talk			T.I.
B
byoeltsu	to kill					T.I., K.I.
byumu	to sleep					K.I.
C
chelnu	to offer	to be available
chuemu	to protext (from sth.)
D
dashkalgaelu	to classify	to put into	to categorize	to move sth. into sth.
dashu	to plan
díraeu	to think	to believe	to suppose	to guess		K.I.
dochu	to come					T.I.
dōchu	to come					K.I.
E
elpyaenfu	to lead	to guide	to exercise control over
enkēlu	to fall/die in war
etadorau	to be committed to sth.	to put effort into sth.
F
fólkaishu	to warmly receive, to welcome
fuézyadu	to shoot (a gun)
fúshu	to do	to work on a job (old fashioned)
G
gafaemu	to work on	to treat				K.I.
gyinelu	to buy					T.I.
gwoshu	to be called	to carry a name or designation
gyunyu	to move (permanent, like moving house, shift a chance, change school)
H
hayelu	to fly
haznuelu	to reach
hyoelminkau	to inhabit
I
icchalu	to send (in)
icchonkwaeyu	to send (in)
igaengchishu	to be concentrated	to be cumulated	to be pooled
ikkontsuru	to incorporate	to build in
imkaibu	to coordinate sth.	to collaborate with so.				K.I.
ingamu	to say	to talk	to speak			K.I.
ishu	to hear
J
jessu	to rest
jijiyaeng'u	to trade
jottu	to give					T.I.
K
kamfu	to transport
kanglu	to stop
katarelu	to perform (artistic)	to act
kokkyōshu	to border sth.
kóntitueyu	to consist of
kóntsuru	to build	to carry out construction work				K.I.
ku	to be (descriptive)					T.I., K.I.
kyabau	to coordinate with so.
L
laébumru	to live
laébumwe	residence	residential building
lishi	history
lusunu	to take a picture
M
maekkafaemu	to develop
maekkalu	to send (out)
maekkigyunyu	to move house (non-specific if move to or away from adressant)	to relocate
marzu	to train	to practice in an organised manner
mijilinlu	to be interested in sth.
mishu	to buy					K.I., R.I.
myeku	to bake
N
nalkyu	to choose
nambu	to be	to exist somewhere				R.I.
O
odamishu
odamishu	to sell					K.I.
ongkwoéshu	to interact
oetsōmu	to migrate
ontérinu	to agree to sth.	to accept sth.				K.I., R.I.
osoaku	to represent
osoingamu	to be responsible
otasu	to sell					R.I.
otazelu	to offer					K.I.
P
paku	to lay
pettelchu	to rotate
pizu	to sit
pyáfu	to rise	to get up
pyegifu	to disuse
R
ralnu	to write					R.I.
raru	to play	to spend leisure time
roenglanzu	to spread	to be transmitted (germs etc.)				R.I.
rosshu	to own (rightfully)	to be the owner of sth.				R.I.
S
saeffushu	to continue sth.	to go on with sth.
settainōku	to make available	to provide
shárukanyaelu	to protect	to preserve
shōtalju	to embrace	to appreciate	to encourage
showaengshu	to own (factually)	to control an asset	to encourage			R.I.
sowenlu	to teach
soworu	to learn
T
tamtsu	to think (both process and 'to think, that…')	to believe	to ponder			T.I.
tamtsu’u	to think (mind-process, not 'to believe sth.')	to contemplate				K.I.
tuekau	to open sth. (T.I., K.I.)	to open sth. to public use (R.I.)
toidaebu	to blossom
U
uetau	to eat
umkishu	to mark	to be characteristic of				K.I., R.I.
umsolgu	to apply (for a job)					K.I., R.I.
W
wálu	to run
wámdau	to plan					K.I.
wesshu	to contact					K.I.
Y
yaeshitteru	to advance sth.	to spread sth.	to promote sth.
yaeshkou	to advance	to rise into	to be promoted	to ascent
yuku	to go	to move by foot				K.I.
Z
zoékau	to maintain	to upkeep
zádang’u	to stem from	to date from

Adjectives

Kojoshi	Ingerish 1	Ingerish 2	Ingerish 3	Ingerish 4	Ingerish 5	Registry (if not universal)
A
aku	south
anályumfel	analythical
asaso	(the) only	(the) sole
asaso	unique	one of a kind
B
bang	low	subordinate
buēzu	always	all the time				T.I.
būezu	constant	enduring				R.I.
bojōaeng	proficient	to be skilful at
C
chidoe	physical	material
choewal	equestrian					K.I., R.I.
D
dehal	difficult
dōdaeki	regional
dyong	east
E
ébolpang	advanced	developed	sophisticated
émino	outstanding	eminent				R.I.
F
fīngal	warm (physical and emotional)
G
gaggwoelbunreisūka	equitable
genji	local	in a small area
H
haelgyazó	normal	common	usual
haerū	far	distant
haingbue	available at a low cost	discounted				K.I.
humenyamin	amber					K.I.
hotai	gross (finance)
hóti	close	near
I
ikaldon	dense	seamless
J
jarinum	temporary					K.I.
jeangba	busy
jōnael	elevated
K
kágal	inner
kámpō	voluntarily
kaná	green
kibō	north
kifaimdōdaeki	stretegic
komkosa	thematically wide	varied
kōng	deep
kyanbue	inhouse	internal	inside an agency/company
L
limbē	west
lomsa	more (countable)					K.I., R.I.
M
maecchaē	great	large	important			K.I.
maéi	beautiful	visually pleasing				K.I.
maelduoen	call for tenderopen bidding	advertisement
maggitā	nacre-coloured
mashkal	special	out of the ordinary the way sth. Is (qualitative)
mezna	private	not open to the public				K.I.
mijizággai	international
miryoku	attractive	appealing				K.I.
munchipal	municipal
N
nói	sweet (taste)
nyū	dark
O
onlain	online
osují	favourite
P
pacchi	wet (fields, land)
pai	bright (light)
pal	brown
R
rádyal	radial
rapí	rapid	reacting quickly
raiyuē	highly	strongly	to a large degree			K.I., R.I.
S
sekkain	tangential
shim	fast	quick	rapid (K.I.)			T.I., K.I.
shol	young
shotten	hard
sochizággai	foreign	of/from a different country
song	very
sumaron	underwater	submarine				R.I.
supaéfi	special	noteworthy	outstanding in importance/size/amount… (quantitative)
T
taechikyomsol	christian
toicho	all (K.I.: very strong emphasis)					T.I., K.I.
tossal	clear	distinct	pronounced
U
uítai	valid (K.I.)	durable until (R.I.)				K.I., R.I.
umkinku	constant	enduring	characteristically			R.I.
ungsō	calm	peaceful				T.I., K.I.
W
walmaen	simple	common
weng	wet
Y
yemen	outer
yingmál	healthy
Z
zággai	national
zóngmo	important	to be considered	to play an important role			R.I.

Names

Kojoshi	Ingerish
A
Atarakkusī	Ataraxia
B
C
D
Dyandoesha	Ingerland
Dyokkuen	Pyeokchin
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Kottsōchi	Axian Pensinular
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
Uleta	Uletha
W
Y
Z
Word

Place names in Bai Script

Kojoshi (Romantian script)	Kojoshi (Bai script)	Meaning	Izaki Reading
Kojo	夫国	husband/emperor - country (referencing the unifier of Kojo, Surb Rēkku, and his wife)	Tohtaskas (replaced by "Kojō" in modern times)
Dyokkuen (Pyeokchin)	東帝	east - empire	-
(Izaland)			-
(UL30c)	妃国	empress - country (referencing Surb Rēkku's wife home nation)	-
Pyingshum	平京	peace - capital	Makksuba (replaced by "Pīnshūn" in modern times)
Finkyáse	金潮塞	gold - tide/chance - dam/fort	Kinchōsai (replaced by "Finkyase" in modern times)
Kippa	木場	wood - (market) place	Mukujān (replaced by "Kippa" in modern times)
Jaka	蛇河	serpent - river	Zhakau
Yoyomi	四方見	four - direction - view	Shipōken (replaced by "Yoyomi" in modern times)
Busakyueng	霧叉君	fog - road fork - ruler	Mushakun
Womenlū
Kwaengdō	公湾道	public - harbour - route	Kōhandō
Wenzū	院湯	palace - (bath) place	Wintān
Manlung
Oreppyo
Hetta
Ántibes
Kahyuemgúchi
Nároggul			Narogul
Góhomi
Geryong
Kari
Arákkanai
Ojufyeng
Rō
Zúkshi (Fóskiman h.)			Zukkshi
Leshfyomi-sul			Leshihomi-ken
Toefyei
Toribiri
Tsuyenji
Kimelíngsan-shu
Tamrong			Tanlōn
Formajiá			Formajā
Igilaē
Tinglyū			Tīnlyū
Unzai			Unðai
Chin-Jōrin
Īme
Laófil
Rajjihaim			Razhihan
Shangmē			Shānmē
Láoféi
Palda
Zúkshi (Cheryuman h.)			Zukkshi
Línai
Makalasueng			Makalaswēn
Jippun
Kōnil

Pronouns

Pronouns differ depending on the register used. The degree of nuancedness varies depending on the register, and some pronouns have different meanings in different registers despite being spelled and pronounced the same way. Especially in Tanōikishi, pronouns are frequently omitted.

Tanōikishi (mostly Pilser bases) I yaesh You (sg.&pl.) do/dō1 He/She nya/nyā1 It ji/jī1 We (inlc.&exl.) mel They naráng Depending on whether a vowel (long) or consonant (short) is following

Kēikishi (some Hopponse influences) I wádash You (sg.&pl.) kigang He alga/al1 She naráng2 It chira/occhira We (exlc.) mel We (inlc.) kigákkodash They kára Old Pyilser: arka, "king", was the standard to address the rule directly. When the monarchy became unpopular, it became used as a standard pronoun for males. Court members betitled Queen Nobunga with plural naráng instead of "she". It stuck and became the standard polite "she".

Rikaikishi (some Ataraxian influences) I You(Sg.) chú He íl She aél It il He/She (Gender neutral pers. sg.) One (animate sg.) We (exclusive) We (inclusive) You (pl.) bū They (personal) They (personal/animate) They (unambiguous, usually inanimate) You (sg. or pl.)

Time and Date

Months Arhash (py) Petesh (py) Márash (py) Chiga (hp) Maé (ax) Rokkatsu (hp) Hyuli (py) Ógus (py) Sekkembesh (py) Jūgatsu (hp) Nófom (ax) Baél (py) py = pyilser, hp = hopponese, ax = ataraxian ethymology

Days of the week Kantau x x x Urban / Ūban x x

Numerals

Numerals in Kojoshi retain a certain stem, and their ending changes depending on what grammatical purpose they serve. Often these endings look similar to the particle with a similar function, although there are many exceptions and irregularities.

When forming large compound numbers, all numerals stay in their standard form and only the last numeral indicates the grammatical function, with 11 and 12 forming exceptions. Particle clusters have to be avoided with numerals. If for example one wants to say "(the item) on the fifth (rank of the shelf)", the particle ending for ~th and "of" would not merge, but instead the lowest tier of information (here the ordinal ~th part) is conveyed in the ending of the numeral, and the other particles are attached after that in their standard form, forming "hile de". Note that these situations usually only occur when the sentences are extremely shortened and all already mentioned information is omitted, as the long form would be "SHELF so hile RANK de".

Numerals in Kojoshi with some declinations

Ingerish	Standard name of number itself, counting, money	Quantifier ("so") 5 dogs, 7 years, 10 degrees	Ordinal number The 5th row	Fractions a third	Year Usually other time particles following	Day Day of the month, sim. to ord. number	-ary primary, secondary, tertiary...
1	ara	aso	ale		atali		purímaē
2	yaéra	yaésso	yaére		yaettali		sékondaē
3	yúra	yússo	yúre		yuttali		yússodo
4	chura	chuso	chule		chutari		kwátenaē
5	hira	hizo	hile		hitari		kínaē
6	wera	weso	wele		wetari		sénaē
7	yota	yotso	yose		yōdari		yotsodo
8	utta	uttso	usse		uttari		uttsodo
9	inya	inso	inle		indari		insodo
10	tén	ténso	ténle		tettari		ténsodo
11	tárea	táreso	tárele		táratáli
12	tyáera	tyáso	tyáre		tyaettari
13	chén-yúra	chén-yússo	chén-yúre
14	chén-chura	chén-chuso	chén-chule
20	yaé-cchén	yaé-cchénso	yaé-cchénle
21	yaé-cchén-ara	yaé-cchén-aso	yaé-cchén-ale
30	yúra-cchen	yúra-cchenso	yúra-cchénle
40	chura-cchen	chura-cchenso	chura-cchénle
100	tōku	tōkuso	tōkure
123	tōku-yaé-cchén-yúra	tōku-yaé-cchén-yússo
1,000	kau	kazo	kalu
1,123	Kau-tōku-yaé-cchén-yúra	Kau-tōku-yaé-cchén-yússo
10,000	tén-kau	tén-kazo
126,000	tōku-yaé-cchén-wera-kau	tōku-yaé-cchén-wera-kazo
1,000,000	rifilem	rifilso	rifile

Particles

Particles mark the role of a word or clause in a sentence. Unlike affixes, they are used for a wide range of grammatical (as opposed to contentual) functions and are separated from the word they follow by a space. Particle usage depends heavily on the registry: in Tanōikishi and Kēikishi, a lesser number of particles with a broader range of meanings each are used, or omitted when clear from context. Rikaikishi however demands command over a much more nuanced set of particles, which also cannot be omitted by speaker's choice. As a result, the same particle can carry different meanings depending on the registry. The tables below lay out the most nuanced set of particles' functions, for the Rikaikishi registry.

Case

Particle	Function	Notes
ta / da	Topic (the thing the sentence is about). Topic is assumed to be the subject unless marked by other particles.
fa	Subject (the thing that "is" or "does").	Is frequently omitted, especially in spoken language.
sum	Direkt object (the thing that is directly affected by an action).
ki	Indirekt object (the thing that is indirectly affected by the action). For most cases there are more distinct particles.	Is used in R.I. if the proper particle is unknown, e.g. not enough context, or to put specific emphasis on the fact that something is INdirectly affected (e.g. although it is not present). Can replace most indirect object markers in T.I. and K.I.
dash	To be known or called as something, consisting or being made up of some things or material, to be different by an amount.	Also classified as a sentence ending marker.
PH	Doing something with something, using something as an instrumental for an aim.

Connection

Particle	Function	Notes
so	Possession or subordination, also metaphorically. Uncle's house, cellar of the building, shape of the cloud, leaf-colour.
ko	Equal and complete and. Two or more words or clauses are combined and seen as one grammatical unit.
fā	Equal and incomplete and. Two or more words or clauses are combined and seen as one grammatical unit.
mi	Subordinating and, or with. Two or more words or clauses are combined and seen as one grammatical unit. The word before the marker is the accompanying part.
kyam	Inclusive or. Statement is true if at least one of the conditions is true.
koffyaem	Exclusive or, XOR. Statement is true if one and only one of the conditions is true.

When listing more than two marked words or clauses, they can be separated by a comma and only the last instance of the particle is spelled out.

Comparing and Quantifying

Particle	Function	Notes
gwol	Something is same as or equal to something in quality or quantity.
ayel	Something is not same as or unequal to something in quality or quantity.	Can also be expressed with gwol and negation of the verb.
PH	Something is similar to something in quality or quantity.	One of few particles only acceptable in T.I. and K.I.
PH	Less than something.
PH	More than something.
pa	Relativises an amount per something.
PH	Uncertainty about an exact amount, ca..

Time

Particle	Function	Notes
gae	When, in a year, at a point in time.	When used with years, the -tali or -tari and gea contracts to -taring or -taling.
anshue	Before a point in time.
yéri	After a point in time.
zuma	For a duration.
hyeto	Since a point in time, from a point in time on.
cho	Until a point in time.
wazū	While something happend, during something.
p

Location

Particle	Function	Notes
bue	In(side) of something.
sochi	Outside of something.	Also used as a productive prefix.
aéku	At or next to something, usually a point.
hakki	At or next to something, usually a line or area.
abu	Above
de	On something, i.e. above and in contact.
takyoe	Below
PH	Underneath something, i.e. below and in contact.
máre	Infront of something from the viewer's perspective, i.e. between the something and the viewer.	Replaces PH in T.I. and K.I.
PH	Infront of something from the reference object's perspective, i.e. on the front side of the object.
hintā	Behind something from the viewer's perspective, i.e. the reference object blocks the viewer's view.
yete	Behind of something from the reference object's perspective, i.e. on the back side of the object.
mijae	(in)between
p

Direction

Particle	Function	Notes
re	Movement or direction of subject towards something.
al	Movement or direction of subject (away) from something.
hyuém	Movement or direction of the direct object towards something.
sinka	Movement or direction of the direct object (away) from something.
jung	Into something
goel	Out of something
bizal	Through, via.	Can sometimes be used interchangeably with PH (instrumental with).

Condition

Particle	Function	Notes
chú / shú	Likely if	If it rains, I will...
baerē	Unlikely if	If it rained, I would...
nyuel	Theoretical, impossible if	If it had rained, I would have...

Causal

Particle	Function	Notes
sokki	Something happens inevitably because of something. Marks the factual reason of an action.	Because it rained, I am wet
tamni	Something happens partially because of something. Marks one underlying or partially reason for an action.	I bought this present because of you (for someone else, but you told me about this particular article).
lui	Something happens because of or for the sake of something. Marks the reason, justification or incentive of an action.	I bought a present for you. (I needed one to give to you on your birthday). ALso used for referencing legal requirements that lead to one's actions.
nijúinde	About or concerning what something is or does.	Also used for areas of responsibilities (e.g. courts) or topics (e.g. museums).
kāwaryuzu	Something happens despite a seemingly contrary fact.
nōtomzū	Two or more seemingly contrary things happen at the same time, yet, on the other hand. Stands at the beginning of the second clause.

Sentence ending

Particle	Function	Notes
lin	Question, used both for polar (yes/no) and open questions.
mon	Milder question or uncertain statement when seeking clarification, confirmation or urging the listener to elaborate on the topic.
kue / gue	Direct quote, usually followed by a verb like "say", "tell", "hear" etc. Kue if the final sound of the quote is a vowel, gue if it is a consonant.
dash	Indirect quote, usually followed by a verb like "say", "tell", "hear" etc.	Also classified as a case marker.

Pronouns and Determiners

Pronouns in Kojolese differ depending on the register used. The degree of nuancedness varies depending on the register, and some pronouns have different meanings in different registers despite being spelled and pronounced the same.

Tanōikishi, mostly from Pilser bases I yaesh You (sg.&pl.) do/dō1 He/She nya/nyā1 It ji/jī1 We (inlc.&exl.) mel They naráng Depending on whether a vowel (long) or consonant (short) is following

Kēikishi, strong Hopponese influence I wádash1 You (sg.&pl.) kigang He alga/al She naráng2 It chira/occhira We (exlc.) mel We (inlc.) kigákkodash They kára Court members betitled Queen Nobunga with plural naráng instead of "she"; it stuck and became the standard polite "she".

Rikaikishi, partly influenced by Ataraxian I je You(Sg.) chú He íl She aél It il He/She (Gender neutral pers. sg.) One (animate sg., "a person" or animal) hom We (exclusive) nú We (inclusive) You (pl.) bū They (personal) aelé They (personal/animate) They (unambiguous, usually inanimate) You (sg. or pl.)

• here: ai
• this/these (one here) (pronoun; "I like this"): aile
• this/these (one here) (determiner; "I like this book"): amren

• there: kō
• this/these (one there) (pronoun): kōle
• this/these (one there) (determiner): kol

Verb Conjugation and Modal Verbs

Verbs in Kojolese are conjugated in 6 tenses (past, present and future, each with an optional progressive aspect), genera verbi (active and passive), and can be further modified with modal verbs (want, should, let's...). Kojolese is an agglutinative language, meaning verb modifying morphems can be added to the verb indefinitely until the meaning becomes too complicated for even natives to understand.

In the simple present every verb end in -u, for the progressive aspect this becomes -um. The simple past and past progressive are created with -e and -em, the future and the future progressive (only rarely used) are marked with -i and -im respectively. This also applies to modal verbs.

The active mood is unmarked. The most common way to express passiveness in a larger sentence is to use the (transitive) verb in a noun modifying clause before the respective noun. For example, odamishe tsuri fa toidaebu would mean "the sold flower blooms"/"the flower, that was sold, blooms". The modal verb o.rau was used to turn every verb into the passive form, with the final -u of the verb changing to an "o" (unless there is another vowel before the final -u, then the bridge vowel is not needed). This can indicate passive mood without changing the word order, however in modern Kojolese that is usually perceived as archaic use of language. In passive sentences where in Ingerish the objective of the speaker is to leave out the subject, the subject can simply be omitted in Kojolese and the thing the action is being done to is still marked with the direct subject marker SUM. The sentence "Yaesh sum byoeltsi" would mean "I will be killed", or literally "something (omitted) will kill me".

Verb forms (including modal verbs) can all be negated with the modal verb (u).rau. Where the negation(s) take place in the chains of main verb and modal verbs is very important to the meaning; for example, mish.rai.sau (buy.not.want) means "I don't want to BUY", but mishi.sa.rau (buy.want.not) means "I don't WANT to buy" (but I NEED to/was FORCED to...).

Modal verbs follow the verb they modify, and can build long chains. In the standard form, the modal verb overwrites the tense of the main verb. When it is important to retain the past or future tense of the main verb, the tenses themselves need to be expressed by another modal verb in between the main verb and the following modal verbs. These tense markers are the origin of the modern (shortened) tense forms. In Rikaikishi it is necessary to always use the modal verb form for the past and future tenses when adding modal verbs after the verb, and use the plain form strictly for the present tense. The present progressive aspect is lost in these cases and needs to be emphasized with marker words such as "right now".

Modal verbs usually consist of one or two syllables, and change the last syllable of the predecessor depending on the syllable structure. There are three ways the final syllable(s) of a verb (including modal verbs themselves) can look like:

• M-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a versatile consonant) (Type 1)
• F-u (the final u finishes off a syllable starting with a fixed consonant) (Type 2)
• -V-u (the -u stands alone after a syllable ending in a vowel) (Type 3)

FC=fixed cons., can only stand at beginning; M=Versatile cons.; V=Vowel

Depending on the types above, modal verbs might simply change the -u to another vowel, keep the -u, or attach themselves to the stem (e.g. leave out the bridge vowel completely).

i.sau - to want á.u - to can o.myu - to try e.kkyu- must ("soft"; in order for something else) -must ("hard"; under any condition) (u).rau - NOT; U only when there is a fixed consonant before final -u, e.g. syllable needs to be completed. ue.meru - begin -.ngu - to end i.salnu- shall, is supposed to, imperative in K.I. o.rau - passive

To be

For nouns and adjectives, the verb "to be" usually does most of the inflection such as tense marking, negating etc. that are not done by the particles (which can express a wide range of aspects such as possessiveness, reasoning or change). Like in Ingerish, "to be" can also indicate existence or location. The following table gives an overview over the several translations of "to be" in Kojolese, depending on the registry and the use as a copula.

	Copula "X is Y"	Location "X is there/exists"
T.I.	linaé(lu) usually omitted
K.I.	ku	uru
R.I.		nambu

Affixes

Affixes are used to create compound words with a more nuanced meaning compared to the base word. Unlike Particles, they do not influence the grammatical but the contentual function of a word and are not separated by a space mark. They can be added after (suffix) or before (prefix) the base word.

Changing word class

To From	Verb	Noun	Adjective
Verb	-	root (sometimes full verb)+-doen/-molno/-sói/-hīchon...: standard nominalisation stem+sha/cha: "doer"	-u/e/i.mfel (not to be confused with Ingerish -ing or -ed form, usually carries different meaning than equivalent simple noun-modifying clause ("analytical" instead of "analysing")
Noun	-yu/-shu turns noun into action most commonly associated; actor -> to act To make something <noun>; large array of affixes and prefixes, see below the table ...	-	-daeki creates common adjective ... ...
Adjective	to make something <adjective>: -ku/-jaeyu/-yōnshu to become <adjective>: PH.	-msol/-sol creates common noun: liberal<ism> sha/cha a person that is...	-

verb root: drop the final syllable
verb stem: drop the final u when preceding consonant can be put at the end of a syllable, otherwise change u to i.

Negating

While verbs, most importantly "to be", are negated using a modal verb o.rau, nouns, adjectives and determiners can also be negated using the suffix -bu (including the hyphen "-"). This is only used when using a negated verb would be ambiguous ("Toicho hyenglai kanglorau" means "all trains don't stop" while "Toicho-bu hyenglai kanglu" means "Not all trains stop") or for literary purposes, usually when negating nouns ("mā-bu ku" does not simply mean "not to be a human", but rather "to be an un-human" or "to be inhumane").

Place names

• -sul common for towns and cities
• -uel common for villages
• -kwen bath, spa town
• -tsūm like -dom in dukedom, kingdom etc
• -chae added to aforementioned suffixes to create the general word for village, city etc.
• -chi market
• -nai rock, mountain
• -gwo valley, side of a mountain slide
• -rū valley, plain between to mountains

Streets

• -roekka bypass, through-pass
• -tyambun planned street running orthogonal to purposeful axis
• -tyam'mi planned scenic park-avenue, usually with trees and visual axis
• -daitō large representative boulevard
• -kesha major road
• -toku neighbourhood road
• -michi common street
• -sol path, old trade route
• -tsu narrow alley
• -kal (race) track
• sal large representative ring road
• Gúwan square

Qualitative

• zóng(shin)- central (main)
• shi- central (region)
• shad-(vowel) / shadd-(syllable with versatile cons./h, cons. replaced by dd) / sha-(syllables with fixed cons., fixed cons. doubled) far
• dō- regional
• ta- large, big, major, of a different scale
• ko- small, minor
• hakk-/hang/, (-vowel/w->y/y, -consonant) special, out of the ordinary, unusual
• sō-/sōf (-cons., -vowel) ordinary, normal, usual, general
• soém/soémi (-vowel.,-cons.) semi-, half, hybrid
• bol- all, overview
• miji- inter-
• bué- intra-
• sochi- out of, foreign
• arha- first, starting point (arhazi, arhawe)
• nakkō- prior (nakkōzi, nakkōwe)
• a'-(cons.) / ā-(w, y) / apy-(vowel) next, subsequent(ajji, azi, āwe)
• baélj-(vowel) / baél- last ending point(baélzi, baélwe)
• icch- inwards, impact, to (be) hit, arrivals
• hyoel- to buy, to win for one's side
• ota-/oda- to let go/give away/to loosen
• maekk- outward, to go away/to flee/to depart
• oso- like Ingerish re-, "again" or "back"
• saekk- / sae-(dbl. cons.) to go on, continue, to not end
• tsi- same, identical, self-loving, self-referential, ...
• dué- contrasting, different, oppo-site, oppo-nent, ...

Noun specifiers and generalizers

• -chē line, usually public transport, or railway
• -we generic building, example: hyosilwe, office building; Gēshusamnengwe, Opera house; Yínyuē-Taitaiwe, theatre
• -sha creates a profession etc. from a noun or sometimes from a verb: Demomínzu<sha> -> Democracy<crat>
• -saē -fare, as in shipfare, airfare; -layer/-level, as in federal level, surface layer
• -lai -craft as in aircraft, motorcraft
• -ka palace, residency (archaic)
• -ka study of something, -ology
• -kai meeting, assembly
• -kaso research institute
• -zi some type of public transportation, usually rail: Chezi, Norikichezi, Dōzi, Dyanchezi
• -kanú shop
• -díso place, site (construction site etc.)
• -gyu area, site (industrial/commercial area, landuse etc.)
• -gwo plant, as in "power plant", or work, as in "waterworks"
• -zan (holi)day