User:Izaland Terramorphing Committee/Sandbox/Izaki Language

A brief manual of Izaki language, the conlang under development for Izaland.

Basically it is a language isolate, however many elements are inspired by Japanese, Korean and Finnish Languages.

Phonology - 音声学

Sounds

Izaki language has an average number of consonant sounds, and a limited number of vocalic sounds, making it a pretty easy to pronounce language.

Vowels

Izaki has 5 vowels and 2 semivowels. The 5 vowels can have a short or a long sound:

	Back	Front
Close	/i/	/u/
Mid	/e/	/o/
Open		/a/

The semivowels are /w/ and /j/, and always occur before a vowel. The only exception is the /wjV/ composition, where V is a vowel (mostly /a/), like in the compound /wja/ (業).

Consonants

Izaki has 22 consonants, as per the following phonetic chart.

↓ Manner/Place →	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d		c	k ɡ
Affricate			ʦ ʣ	ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f	s z	ʃ ʒ			h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Syllabes

The Izaki phonology is strictly syllable based, and the structure we are going to explain followingly is so strict that also foreign loan words must be adapted to it.

To better explain the syllable composition, we will divide the different sounds into three categories:

V: the 5 vowels, short or long (a, e, i, o, u, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū)

C: the 22 consonants (p, b, k, g, t, d, ch, j, s, z, ts, ð, sh, zh, m, n, l, r, h, f, v)

F: the syllable-final consonants (n, l, s, r, h*, kk**) - only these consonants can appear after a vowel in a syllable, or at the end of a word. However, no words end by -h.

*h: it can be found in the final position of a syllable structure, and appears between a vowel and another consonant. The following consonant will be not voiced

Example words: dahkei (cliff), zhohtan (side), nihki (coast), rihmi (county), nehkeu (too much)

**kk: the geminated /k/ is a feature of the south-west dialect, and in current Izaki language only appears in the name of the city of Kikknās (Itakiri Prefecture).

A basic syllable can be one of the following kinds:

• V any vowel, short or long
• CV any consonant*, any vowel
• CVF

Only non sonorant consonants (k, t, p, s, ts, sh, ch) and n, l, r can be strong (doubled).  

Example words: kaida (sword), miwa (water),  rekki (pen), noppo (spoon), keilo (route), shihkama (whale), kamitsas (everywhere), estinden (always), jīssu (to press), yokoku (notice), jāshiki (common sense), gūnyū (milk), hākei (total), keskwa (result), wingyōn (bank), inshēs (printing)...

Writing System

Izaki language writing system is one of the most articulated writing systems, making use of the Bai characters and an original composed alphabet called askaoza (邦記, or 𖬒ᒢ𖬭ᣟᐤ𖬖𖬰).

The Bai characters and the askaoza are not alternative writing systems, but each of them has a definite role. Basically, Bai characters are used to show the semantical meaning of nouns, verb roots, adjectives etc., while askaoza complements them, allowing variable parts of the speech to be declined or conjugated accordingly. This works basically as in Japanese with kanji and kana.

In the first section of our language manual we are going to learn the basics of the askaoza.

Main features of the askaoza writing system:

1. One letter corresponds to one sound
2. All the letter are by default adjoined with the sound “/a/”. No words in Izaki can start with a double consonant, while certain consonants can follow another one, but their representation is different (see later)
3. The other vocalic sounds except for “a” are rendered with a diacritic symbol, on the left or on the right of the consonant.
4. Single vowels are shown by a “placeholder” symbol, with the value of /a/ if no other vowel diacritic is present.
5. The main letters are unvoiced sounds. The corresponding voiced sounds are marked by a dot on the top.

Roman alp.	Character	IPA	Roman alp.	Character	IPA
清音 (seion) - unvoiced			濁音 (takuon) - voiced
K	𖬭	/k/	G	𖬭𖬰	/g/
P	𖬡	/p/	B	𖬡𖬰	/b/
S	𖬖	/s/	Z	𖬖𖬰	/z/
T	𖬮	/t/	D	𖬮𖬰	/d/
F	𖬌	/f/	V	𖬌𖬰	/v/
CH	𖬥	/ʧ/	J	𖬥𖬰	/ʤ/
SH	𖬔	/ʃ/	ZH	𖬔𖬰	/ʒ/
TS	𖬪	/ʦ/	Đ	𖬪𖬰	/ʣ/
			H	𖬨	/h/
			N	𖭑	/n/
			M	𖬊	/m/
			L	𖬠	/l/
			R	𖬬	/r/

Vowels and consonant joints

Let’s take the first letter in Izaki alphabetical order, the “ka”: 𖬭 As it is now, we would read it /ka/, and not “k”, since in Izaki consonants are not stand-alone, and the default value is /ka/.

What if we want to give it the sound /ke/? In this case we need to add on the right (as this is the rule of the “E”) the necessary diacritic, called, in Izaki, tenkun: 𖬭ɭ

Thus we know that “𖬭ɭ” will be read as /ke/; “𖬭𖬭ɭ” will be /kake”/ and “𖬭ɭ𖬭” shall be /keka/

In the same way, we can write either ki, ko, and ku:

𖬭ᛁ   the “i” sound is made by adding a vertical bar

𖬭ᐤ  the “o” sound is made by adding a small circle on the top-right

𖬭𐐢  the “u” sound is rendered by an umbrella handle shaped element

Thus we can have these possible combinations:

𖬭𖬭ᛁ (kaki), 𖬭ᐤ𖬭𐐢 (koku), 𖬭ᛁ𖬭𐐢 (kiku) etc…

Let’s take a view to the main Izaki consonants with the 5 simple vowels:

Consonant	A	E	I	O	U
-	𖬒 a	𖬒ɭ e	𖬒ᛁ i	𖬒ᐤ o	𖬒𐐢 u
K	𖬭 ka	𖬭ɭ ke	𖬭ᛁ ki	𖬭ᐤ ko	𖬭𐐢 ku
P	𖬡 pa	𖬡ɭ pe	𖬡ᛁ pi	𖬡ᐤ po	𖬡𐐢 pu
S	𖬖 sa	𖬖ɭ se	𖬖ᛁ shi	𖬖ᐤ so	𖬖𐐢 su
T	𖬮 ta	𖬮ɭ te	𖬮ᛁ ti	𖬮ᐤ to	𖬮𐐢 tu
F	𖬌 fa	𖬌ɭ fe	𖬌ᛁ fi	𖬌ᐤ fo	𖬌𐐢 fu
CH	𖬥 cha	𖬥ɭ che	𖬥ᛁ chi	𖬥ᐤ cho	𖬥𐐢 chu
SH	𖬔 sha	𖬔ɭ she	𖬔ᛁ shi	𖬔ᐤ sho	𖬔𐐢 shu
TS	𖬪 tsa	𖬪ɭ tse	𖬪ᛁ tsi	𖬪ᐤ tso	𖬪𐐢 tsu
H	𖬨 ha	𖬨ɭ he	𖬨ᛁ hi	𖬨ᐤ ho	𖬨𐐢 hu
N	𖭑 na	𖭑ɭ ne	𖭑ᛁ ni	𖭑ᐤ no	𖭑𐐢 nu
M	𖬊 ma	𖬊ɭ me	𖬊ᛁ mi	𖬊ᐤ mo	𖬊𐐢 mu
L	𖬠 la	𖬠ɭ le	𖬠ᛁ li	𖬠ᐤ lo	𖬠𐐢 lu
R	𖬬 ra	𖬬ɭ re	𖬬ᛁ ri	𖬬ᐤ ro	𖬬𐐢 ru

Here are the derived consonants with the different vowel combinations:

Consonant	A	E	I	O	U
-	𖬒 a	𖬒ɭ e	𖬒ᛁ i	𖬒ᐤ o	𖬒𐐢 u
G	𖬭𖬰 ga	𖬭𖬰ɭ ge	𖬭𖬰ᛁ gi	𖬭𖬰ᐤ go	𖬭𖬰𐐢 gu
B	𖬡𖬰 ba	𖬡𖬰ɭ be	𖬡𖬰ᛁ bi	𖬡𖬰ᐤ bo	𖬡𖬰𐐢 bu
Z	𖬖𖬰 za	𖬖𖬰ɭ ze	𖬖𖬰ᛁ zi	𖬖𖬰ᐤ zo	𖬖𖬰𐐢 zu
D	𖬮𖬰 da	𖬮𖬰ɭ de	𖬮𖬰ᛁ di	𖬮𖬰ᐤ do	𖬮𖬰𐐢 du
V	𖬌𖬰 va	𖬌𖬰ɭ ve	𖬌𖬰ᛁ vi	𖬌𖬰ᐤ vo	𖬌𖬰𐐢 vu
J	𖬥𖬰 ja	𖬥𖬰ɭ je	𖬥𖬰ᛁ ji	𖬥𖬰ᐤ jo	𖬥𖬰𐐢 ju
ZH	𖬔𖬰 zha	𖬔𖬰ɭ zhe	𖬔𖬰ᛁ zhi	𖬔𖬰ᐤ zho	𖬔𖬰𐐢 zhu
Ð	𖬪𖬰 ða	𖬪𖬰ɭ ðe	𖬪𖬰ᛁ ði	𖬪𖬰ᐤ ðo	𖬪𖬰𐐢 ðu

Diphthongs

Besides the main 5 vowels, Izaki language also has s certain number of diphthongs, or gliding vowels, a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.

Let’s take a look at some examples: 𐭘𖬭 kya, 𐩪𖬌 fwo, 𐩬𖬖 swa

There are 8 main diphthongs, rendered in roman alphabet with “y” (/j/) and “w” (/w/), and in askaoza these semivocalic sounds are shown by a diacritic on the left of the corresponding consonant.

Let’s see how it works with the consonant 𖭑 (n):

	A	E	I	O	U
Y	𐭘𖭑 nya	𐐑𖭑 nye		ᛚ𖭑 nyo	𐐓𖭑 nyu
W	𐩬𖭑 nwa	𐩧𖭑 nwe	𐐊𖭑 nwi	𐩪𖭑 nwo

Example words and sounds:

𖭑ᛁ𐩬𖭑ɭ niswae

𖬒ᐤ𐐓𖬬𖬒 oryua

𐩧𖬭𖬬ᛁ kweri

𐐓𖬒𖬪ᐤ yutso

𐭘𖬨Ꮀ𐐊𖬭 hyaakwi

𐐑𖬒ᛁ𖬖ᐤᐡ yeison

𖬌𐐢𐐑𖬬 furye

𖬪𐩬𖬒 tsawa

𖬖𐩪𖬒𖬨ᛁ sawohi

𐩪𖬭𖬨ɭ kwohe

𖬊ᛁ𐩧𖬖Ꮀ miwee

ᛚ𖬒𖬊 yoma

𐐓𖬊Ꮀ𖬨 myuuha

ᛚ𖬮𖬖𐐢 tyosu

Double Consonants

The double consonant is possible only with K, P, CH, S, T, N, L, SH, TS, and it is shown by a "^" diacritic symbol on the respective glyph.

• KKA 𖬘𖬳
• PPA 𖬇𖬳
• TTA 𖬁𖬳𖬳
• CCHA 𖬐𖬳
• SSA 𖬖𖬳
• SSHA 𖬔𖬳
• TTSA 𖬑𖬳𖬳
• LLA 𖬈𖬳

Only the "nn" rendering is different, as it is shown with a diacritic symbol before "NA":

• NNA ⲅ𖭑

Examples

• 𖬮𖬭 taka    vs  𖬮𖬘𖬳  takka
• 𖬨ᛁ𖭑ᐡ hinan  vs  𖬨ᛁⲅ𖭑ᐡ  hinnan
• 𖬥ᛁ𐩪𖬭 chikwo vs  𖬥ᛁ𐩪𖬘𖬳  chikkwo
• 𖬮𐐢𖬖 usa vs 𖬮𐐢𖬖𖬳 ussa
• 𖬮ᐤ𖬇𐐢ᐢ opun vs 𖬮ᐤ𖬇𖬳𐐢ᐢ oppun

Long vowels

In Izaki language, vowels can be short or long. This feature has a distinctive value, so it is important to notice when a vowel is short or long.

In the official Sanotari-Idanos romanization system, long vowels are written with a macron: ā ī ē ō ū, while in the less used Tagenas romanization system, they are just left as a couple of vowels: aa, ii, ee, oo, uu.

In the askaoza alphabet, to mark a long vowel, the diacritic “Ꮀ” is placed on the right of the long vowel syllable.

Let’s take a look at some examples: 𖬭Ꮀ kā, 𖬌ᛁᎰ fī, 𖬮ᐤᎰ tō

There are cases of long vowel in a CVC syllabe. In this case, the diacritic must be placed before the final consonant one: 𖬪ᐤᎰᐡ tsōn, 𖬬𐐢Ꮀᒢ rūs, 𖬨ɭᎰᣘ hēr

Greetings and useful expressions

In the table, some useful words in Izaki

Ingerish	Izaki (romanised)	Transcription (Izaki)
Ingerish	Ingo	引語
Yes	Sā	𖬖⸠
No	Na	𖭑
Hello!	Ānjiwara!	𖬮⸠ᐢ𖬐𖬰ᛁ𐩬𖬮𖬬
How are you	Soi yodeska?	𖬖ᐤᛁ ꓩ𖬮𖬒𖬰ɭᒢ𖬭?
Hello (formal)	Āmajike	𖬮⸠𖬊𖬐𖬰ᛁ𖬭ɭ
Hi! (informal)	Ānji!	𖬮⸠ᐢ𖬐𖬰ᛁ!
I'm fine, thank you.	Nai tepan, dōmas.	𖭑꜉ 良ᐢ, 𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ᒢ.
So and so	tepana, zushina / tenazuna	良𖭑, 悪𖭑 / 𖬁ɭ𖭑𖬖𖬰𐐢𖭑
Goodbye!	Sokkiba!	𖬖ᐤⲅ𖬭ᛁ𖬇𖬰!
Welcome	Witte edeseke	𐐊𖬮𖬁𖬳𖬳ɭ 𖬮ɭ𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭ
Please	Inadeshiyan (indeshan)	𖬮ᛁ𖭑𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬔ᛁ𐭘𖬮ᐢ (𖬮ᛁᐢ𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬔ᐢ)
Thank you	Dōmas Dōmades	𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ᒢ. 𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊𖬒𖬰ɭᒢ
You're welcome	Dōmehisatta	𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ɭ𖬨ᛁ𖬖𖬁𖬳𖬳
Excuse me	Karansekeni / Karanseken / Karansee	𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭ𖭑ᛁ / 𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭᐢ / 𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ⸠
Sorry	Kuben	𖬭𐐢𖬇𖬰ɭᐢ
Good morning	Tepan allaa	良ᐢ 朝⸠
Good afternoon	Tepan katoo	良ᐢ 昼⸠
Good evening	Tepan seikaa	良ᐢ 夕⸠
Goodnight	Tepan nanshaa	良ᐢ 夜⸠

Nouns

Nouns in Izaki can be declined in singular and plural forms. There are no genders, as male, female or neuter. All the names are genderless.

Plural Formation

In order to make the plural form, you need to prolong the last vowel of the name and add “n”. If the name already ends by a long vowel, just a n is added. If a noun ends in a consonant, see the rules.

Nouns ending by vowel:

Meaning	Singular (nominative)	Plural (nominative)
water	miwa (水)	miwaan (水⸠ᐢ)
fire	hunui（火）	hunuiin（火⸠ᐢ）
man	suto (男)	sutoon (男⸠ᐢ)
woman	natae (女)	nataeen (女⸠ᐢ)
apple	sugua (檎)	suguaan (檎⸠ᐢ)
forest	tsawa (森)	tsawaan (森⸠ᐢ)
rice	konu (米)	konuun (米⸠ᐢ)
freedom	jiyu (自由)	jiyuun (自由⸠ᐢ)
nation	kukka (國家)	kukkaan (國家⸠ᐢ)

Noun ending by consonants:

In Izaki, due to phonological rules, words can only end by: -n, -s, -l, -r. Basically to make the plural form, you need to prolong the ending consonant, and recall once again the previous vowel.

Meaning	Singular (nominative)	Plural (nominative)	Remarks, exceptions
surface	pyomyen（表面）	pyomyenne（表面𖭑ɭ）
law	pōrīs（法律）	pōrīsshi（法律𖬔ᛁ）	Izaki phonetics do not allow the /si/ syllable, which becomes /ʃi/ (shi).
technology	gijus（技術）	gijussu（技術𖬖𐐢）
wave	moigon（波）	moigonno（波𖭑ᐤ）
leg	huinnon（脚）	huinnonno（脚𖭑ᐤ）
fennel	totsus（茴）	totsussu（茴𖬖𐐢）
insect	nās（虫）	nāssa（虫𖬖）	If the last vowel of the singular form is a long one (ā,ē,ī,ō,ū), in the plural form it will be a shortened vowel.
love	saison（愛）	saisonno（愛𖭑ᐤ）
docking	rul（埠）	rullu（埠𖬈𐐢）
God of the Sea	kikk（𖬭ᛁ𖬘𖬳'）	kikki（𖬭ᛁ𖬘𖬳ᛁ）	irregular word
moral	tekeh（徳）	tekehte（徳𖬁ɭ）	irregular word

Cases

Izaki Language operates on 8 cases (格⸠ᐢ kakuun).

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs need to be declined in most of the situations.

1. Nominative (主格, shukaku): the case used for the main subject, or the topic of the sentence. In the dictionary the nouns are in the nominative form.
2. Genitive (属格, zukkaku): to express the possession
3. Accusative (対格, taikaku): the case used for the direct object of a transitive verb
4. Dative (与格, yokaku): the indirect case of a destination recipient (to whom)
5. Locative (処格, shokaku): the case used to express the static position
6. Allative (向格, hyānkaku): the case used to express the direction (to the outside, until)
7. Ablative (奪格, daskaku): the case used to express the origin (from where, from when)
8. Instrumental (具格, gukaku): the case used to express the way or the instrument of an action (with something, using something), and also used to create other expressions using added ending suffixes.

The following tables shows how some example words declinate in the different cases at their singular forms:

Case/meaning	Addied stem (-V/-C)	water	tear	gate	wolf	opinion	day
Nominative	-	miwa	tsokke	mua	tsaikis	wiken	kato
Genitive	add -s/-us	miwas	tsokkes	muas	tsaikisus	wikenus	kados
Accusative	prolong vowel1	miwā	tsokkē	muā	tsaikisū	wikenū	katoo
Dative	add -i	miwai	tsokkei	muai	tsaikishi	wikenni	katoi
Locative	add -n/-un	miwan	tsokken	muan	tsaikisun	wikenun	kadon
Allative	add -r/-ur	miwar	tsokker	muar	tsaikisur	wikenur	kador
Ablative	add -l/-ul	miwal	tsokkel	mual	tsaikisul	wikenul	kadol
Instrumental	see below	miwae	tsokkei	muae	tsaikiso	wikeni	katou

1: if the noun already ends by a long vowel, the accusative keeps the same as the nominative.

2: in the genitive, locative, allative and ablative cases (strong cases), nouns ending by vowel see a change in the last consonant, which becomes a sonorant if originally was k, p, ch, t, f, r, ts, sh (this doesn’t happen with double consonants). This phenomenon is called sonorisation of strong cases (強格濁音化).

Eg: lota (sheet) > lodas, taito (diary) > taidon, dasa (trunk) > dazas, niki (tower) > nigis

However, this doesn't happen when the last consonant is preceded by h or s:

E.g. dahkei (precipice) > dahkein, juska (son) > juskas

The instrumental

The instrumental case can be created using the “vowel progression system”, and the rule is easily observable by each vowel ending words:

1. Words ending in a: add an -e
2. Words ending in e: add an -i
3. Words ending in i: add an -o (a diphthongization happens, so the word end changes to -yo)
4. Words ending in o: add an -u
5. Words ending in u: add an -a (a diphthongization happens, so the word end changes to -wa)
6. Words ending in consonant follow the same vowel progression rule as above, but the ending consonant doubles

Meaning	Nominative	Instrumental	Notes
water	miwa	miwae
hill	oboe	oboei
river	sāri	sāryo	i+o contract in “yo”
color	ahiro	ahirou
bear	usumu	usumwa	u+a contract in “wa”
employee	shawin	shawinno
beetle	tendattan	tendattanne
Seoul	Soul	Soulla
life	seikwas	seikwasse

Note: words already ending with a diphthong keeps behaving the same, except for V+”o” ending nouns:

Meaning	Nominative	Instrumental	Remarks
lightning	sasatsai	sasatsayo
bell	akau	akawa
neck	kea	keae
tusk	nekīkei	nekīkeyo
mushroom	hingao	hingō*	-ao ending names change the last “ao” to “ō”
port	sāreo	sāreu	-eo ending names change the last “eo” to “eu”
glass	tassuo	tassū	-uo ending names change the last “uo” to “ū”
actor	haiyū	haiyūa	-long u ending names just see an added "a"

Derived cases

From the instrumental stem, by adding other particles, you can create some sub-cases.

1. Comitative (with): -te (miwaete, with the water; tendattannete, with the beetle)
2. Translative (to become): - nde (sāryonde, to become a river, jiyuande, to become free)
3. Dedative (about): - nkai (ahirounkai, about the color; )
4. Abessive (without) -ttan (saisonuttan, without love; gijussattan, without technology)

Another case, the istructive, is made by the dative bases:

1. Istructive (with the mean of): - hte

Example sentences

I live in Sainðaul

Nai Sainðaulun paen. (我 作安崎𐐢ᐢ 住𖬮ɭᐢ)

The books of the student are in the classroom.

Hakuseis kinoon kyoshisun yohan.(学生之 冊⸠ᐢ 教室𐐢ᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ)

Anna ordered two novels.

Anna shosessē kantsul chubun teki. (𖬮ⲅ𖭑 小説𖬖ɭ⸠ 二𖬑𐐢ᐡ 注文𖬁ɭ𖬭ᛁ.)

Plural cases

The formation of the plural cases sees the presence of a thematic "i" inserted between the root of the word and the case ending:

Case/meaning	Addied stem (-V/-C)	water	tear	gate	wolf	opinion	day
Nominative	prolong last vowel and add -n/double the last consonant, and repeat the preceding vowel	miwaan	tsokkeen	muaan	tsaikisshi	wikenne	katoon
Genitive	add -is/-es	miwais	tsokkeis	muais	tsaikises	wikenes	katois
Accusative	add -ita/-ta	miwaita	tsokkeita	muaita	tsaikista	wikenta	katoita
Dative	add -hi	miwahi	tsokkehi	muahi	tsaikisshi	wikenhi	katohi
Locative	add -in/-en	miwain	tsokkein	muain	tsaikisen	wikenen	katoin
Allative	add -ir/-er	miwair	tsokkeir	muair	tsaikiser	wikener	katoir
Ablative	add -il/-el	miwail	tsokkeil	muail	tsaikisel	wikenel	katoil
Instrumental	add -i after the singular instrumental	miwaei	tsokkeii	muaei	tsaikisoi	wikenii	katoui

Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns in Izaki language, are the following:

	Sing.	Plur.
1st	Nai	Naiin (exclusive), Nahu (incl.)
2nd	Sai / Kisai	Saiin / Kisaiin
3rd	Han	Hannu

The 2nd person gets an honorific form by adding “ki” (貴) as a prefix

Case conjugation:

Case
Nominative	nai	sai	han	naiin	nahu	saiin	hannu
Genitive	naiyo	saiyo	haiyo	nakiyo	nahuyo	sakiyo	hanniyo
Accusative	naka	saka	haka	naika	nahka	saika	hannika
Dative	nakai	sakai	hakai	naikai	nahkai	saikai	hannikai
Locative	nain	sain	hain	nakin	nahkin	sakin	hannun
Allative	nair	sair	hair	nakir	nahkir	sakir	hannur
Ablative	nail	sail	hail	nakil	nahkil	sakil	hannul
Instrumental	nayo	sayo	hane	nakyo	nahkyo	sakyo	hannwa

The genitive, accusative and dative forms have also a suffix variation which can be put at the end of a noun or as a suffix of a verb:

Case
Genitive	-ne	-se	-he	-nehe	-nuhe	-sehe	-hese
Accusative	-ni	-shi	-hi	-nki	-nhi	-ski	-heshi
Dative	-na	-sa	-ha	-nka	-nha	-ska	-hasa

Genitive suffix

My computer: Naiyo dyensanki - or - dyensankine

His wallet: Haiyo ðaifu - or - ðaifuhe

Their house: Hanniyo futaka - or - futakahese

Your smile: Saiyo hamiku - or - hamikuse

Accusative suffix

The accusative suffix is used after a verb when the direct object of it is a personal pronoun.

I call you tomorrow: Nai akae nakonshi (also Nai akae saka nakon)

She invited you (pl) to the party: Han uiraben chadoiski (also Han saika uiraben chadoi)

I love you: Nai saisonshi (also Nai saka saison)

Accusative suffix with reflexive verbs

Certain verbs are called reflexive, as the action gets back to the subject. In these cases, the accusative suffix has to be used.

I get up (I wake up myself): Nai tashidonni.

He washes himself: Han jibehi.

They wore up in a hurry: Hannu dunese tapukeeheshi. (eehe is often pronounced “ppe” in the spoken language > tapukeppeshi)

(due to the repetitive eehe in reflexive verbs in the 3rd plural conjugation, the ēheshi suffix often gets contracted to ppēs, especially in spoken Izaki: “(Hannu) Dunese tapukeppes.”)

Dative suffix

The dative suffixes can be attached at the end of the verb. Notice the changes when the verb conjugation ends by consonant.

He gives me some presents: Han kappareita tsotana.

Sanna sent you her ring: Sanna tamūhe ronusa.

They killed him: Hannu sazokeeha.

Possessing function

To express sentences such as “I have something”, the pronoun must be changed in the possession tense, which is as follow:

Standard form	Possessing form
Nai 𖭑꜉	Nara 𖭑𖬬
Sai 𖬖꜉	Sara 𖬖𖬬
Han 𖬨ᐢ	Hara 𖬨𖬬
Naiin 𖭑꜉⸠ᐢ	Naira 𖭑꜉𖬬
Saiin 𖬖꜉⸠ᐢ	Saira 𖬖꜉𖬬
Hannu 𖬨ⲅ𖭑𐐢	Hanara 𖬨𖭑𖬬

Structure: Pronoun in possessive form, owned object, to be verb (conjugated according to the number of the owned thing(s)).

I have a bicycle: Nara jityensha yo. (𖭑𖬬 自轉車 ꓩ𖬮)

She has many clothes: Hara tasun chuneen yoo. (𖬨𖬬 多ᐢ 衣⸠ᐢ ꓩ𖬮⸠.)

You don’t have any pride: Saira nasheen euna yona. (𖬖꜉𖬬 什⸠ᐢ 誇 ꓩ𖬮𖭑.)

For nouns different than the personal pronoun, dative case shall be used for the person/object who owns something:

Kaoto has two cars: Kaotoi takama kanki yoo.(敢斗𖬮ᛁ 車 2基 ꓩ𖬮⸠.)

Prepositions of place

Rule: change the name in the genitive case, followed by the position particle in locative case

Main prepositions of place (位置後付詞)

Meaning	Izaki	Writing	Example (with the words “table” (sawohi) and “” (house)
In front	adae	向	sawohis adaen
Behind	odae	後	sawohis odaen
On	uino	上	sawohis uinon
Over	swori	𐩪𖬖𖬬ᛁ	sawohis sworin
Under	teano	下	sawohis teanon
Below	kauri	𖬭'𐐢𖬬ᛁ	sawohis kaurin
Next to	muje	横	sawohis mujen
Inside	juitte	中	futagas juitten
Outside	toku	外	futagas togun
Nearby	haikan	近ᐢ	futagas haikanun
Far from	nantan	遠ᐢ	futagas nantanun

Verbs

All izaki verbs end by -su (𖬖𐐢), and the part preceding it is the verb stem.

Verbs are conjugated according to the 6 pronouns and in different tenses.

Verb to be (yosu, ꓩ𖬮𖬖𐐢)

Yosu verb is the most important one in izaki language, as it is needed to create sentences like “subject” is “copula”, or for existence sentences, such as “there is something”.

Personal Pr.	PRESENT	PRESENT NEGATIVE	SIMPLE PAST	SIMPLE PAST NEGATIVE
Nai	yon	yonan	yoin	yonain
Sai	yos	yonas	yois	yonais
Han	yo	yona	yoi	yonai
Naiin	yonne	yonanne	yoinne	yonainne
Saiin	yosse	yonasse	yoisse	yonaisse
Hannu	yohan	yonahan	yoihan	yonaihan

As one can see, the conjugation rule is easy: -n for the first person, -s for the second, just the verb stem for the third.

For the plural pronouns, you add “nne” for “we”, “sse” for you (plural), and “han” for they.

To create the negative form, just add “na” after the stem, and conjugate accordingly.

For the simple past, add the past theme “i” after the stem, and for the simple past negative, add “nai”.

Example sentences

I am a man ( I - man - am): Nai suto yon (我ᛁ 男 ꓩ𖬮ᐢ)

They are doctors. (They - doctor - s - are) Hannu satsaan yohan. (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 博⸠ᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ)

There was a bird in the house. (House - in - bird - was) Futakan fuwo yoi. (舎ᐢ 鳥 ꓩ𖬮ᛁ)

For the formal form of the verb, used when talking about yourself, or in general, to people who are not your acquaintances, or in situations requiring formality, the suffix “ra” (𖬬) has to be added before the person ending.

Example sentences

I am a teacher (formal): Nai hagiuppaya yoran. (我ᛁ 教𖬮𐐢𖬇𖬳者 ꓩ𖬮𖬬ᐢ)

Are you a researcher?: Kisai kenkyunsha yoraska? (貴你ᛁ 研究者 ꓩ𖬮𖬬ᒢ𖬭?)

Other verbs

Izaki verbs can be divided in two groups, according to their ending:

1. Ending by CV + su (Group 1)
2. Ending by VV + su (Group 2)
3. Ending by consonant (n, s, l, r, k, h) + su (Group 3)

Present tense

Group 1

Verbs of this group always end with -asu, -esu, -isu, -osu, -usu. The vowel before “su” is always a short vowel.

	To get up	To fly	To speak	To run	To ask
Personal Pr.	Tashidosu	Nulbisu	Rihtasu	Rigusu	Kieresu
Nai	tashiton	nulbin	rihtan	rikun	kieren
Sai	tashitos	nulbis	rihtas	rikus	kieres
Han	tashito	nulbi	rihta	riku	kiere
Naiin	tashitonne	nulbinne	rihtanne	rikunne	kierenne
Saiin	tashitosse	nulbisse	rihtasse	rikusse	kieresse
Hannu	tashitohan	nulbihan	rihtahan	rikuhan	kierehan

You can notice the personal pronoun endings:

1. -n
2. -s
3. verb stem (just drop “su”)
4. -nne
5. -sse
6. -han

Example sentences

She speaks izaki: Han izakii rihta. (彼 華邦語⸠ 話𖬁)

We run to our house. Naiin futakarnehe rigunne. (我ᛁ⸠ᐢ 舎ᣗ𖭑ɭ𖬨ɭ 走𖬭𖬰𐐢ⲅ𖭑ɭ)

Mr. Rihasamo asks (to her) her name. Rihasamo tana nakoriihe kiereha, (高山 殿 名ᛁ⸠𖬨ɭ 尋𖬬ɭ𖬨)

Group 2

Verbs of this group always end by -asu, -esu, -isu, -osu, -usu. Before the suffix “su” there is a long vowel or two vowels. The present tense is basically the same as the group 1.

	To drink	To hit	To rotate	To open	To start
Personal Pr.	Eisu	Seosu	Minbaesu	Muiyasu	Pwikausu
Nai	Ein	seon	minbaen	muiyan	pwikaun
Sai	Eis	seos	minbaes	muiyas	pwikaus
Han	Ei	seo	minbae	muiya	pwikau
Naiin	Einne	seonne	minbaenne	muiyanne	pwikaunne
Saiin	Eisse	seosse	minbaesse	muiyasse	pwikausse
Hannu	Eihan	seohan	minbaehan	muiyahan	pwikauhan

You can notice the personal pronoun endings:

1. -n
2. -s
3. verb stem
4. -nne
5. -sse
6. -han

Example sentences

Who opens the window? Naga tekaa muiyaraka? (誰 窓⸠ 開𐭘𖬮𖬬𖬭)

When do you start the game? Estin appii pwikauraska? (𖬮ɭᒢ𖬁ᛁᐢ 娯⸠ 始𖬮𐐢𖬬ᒢ𖬭)

They rotate the handle. Hannu rimeroo minbaerahan. (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 舵⸠ 回𖬮ɭ𖬬𖬨ᐢ)

Group 3

The verbs in this group end by "-su", preceded by a consonant that usually is n, s, and sometimes h, k (rare), l, r. To conjugate this group verbs, it is necessary to check which vowel comes before the consonant, and apply the vowel transition pattern.

1. Last vowel before Csu a: becomes e
2. Last vowel before Csu e: becomes i (remember that "si" sound becomes "shi")
3. Last vowel before Csu i: becomes o
4. Last vowel before Csu o: becomes u
5. Last vowel before Csu u: becomes a

According to the ending of the verb, each sub-type has the following last stem consonant changes:

1. -assu/essu/ossu/ussu verbs: asse/esshi/ossu/ussa + personal pronoun endings
2. -issu verbs: isshi + personal pronoun endings ¹
3. -Vnsu verbs: VnnV  + personal pronoun endings
4. -Vhsu verbs: VppV + personal pronoun endings
5. -Vlsu verbs: VllV + personal pronoun endings
6. -Vksu verbs: VkkV + personal pronoun endings ²
7. -Vrsu verbs: VryV + personal pronoun endings

* V: vowel

1: -issu verbs, such as numersu (to tow) change their stem into "numerī-" (numerīn, numerīs, numerī...)

2: -ersu verbs, such as numersu (to tow) change their stem into "numerī-" (numerīn, numerīs, numerī...)

The personal pronoun endings are the same as the other types

1. -n
2. -s
3. only conjugation stem (the most intuitive way is to cut “-n” from the first person)
4. h+verb stem last vowel+n
5. h+verb stem last vowel+s
6. h+verb stem last vowel

	To push	To try	To twist	To listen	To scrub	To convince	To paint
Pers. Pr.	Jissu	Tsurahsu	Yokansu	Odensu	Tederiksu	Sonomulsu	Kichoarsu
Nai	jisshon	tsurappen	yokannen	odennin	tederikkon	sonomullan	kichoaryen
Sai	jisshos	tsurappes	yokannes	odennis	tederikkos	sonomullas	kichoaryes
Han	jissho	tsurappe	yokanne	odenni	tederikko	sonomulla	kichoarye
Naiin	jisshonne	tsurappenne	yokannenne	odenninne	tederikkonne	sonomullanne	kichoaryenne
Saiin	jisshosse	tsurappesse	yokannesse	odennisse	tederikkoisse	sonomullasse	kichoaryesse
Hannu	Jisshohan	tsurappehan	yokannehan	odennihan	tederikkohan	sonomullahan	kichoaryehan

Example sentences

She listens to the new track. Han suyon kyukuu odenni. (她 新ᐢ 曲⸠ 聴ⲅ𖭑ᛁ.)

We paint the back of the house. Naiin futagas odae kichoaryenne. (我⸠ᐢ 家ᒢ 後 塗ꓶ𖬬ⲅ𖭑ɭ.)

I change my child's diaper. Nai mitogosne hucharii puhannen. (我 子ᒢ𖭑ɭ 𖬨𐐢𖬐𖬬ᛁ⸠ 変ⲅ𖭑ɭᐢ.)

Negative stem

By changing part of the verb suffix, you can create the negative form of the verb.

Yosu (to be) verb: yonasu (add “na” (無, but usually written as 𖭑) between the stem and the ending)

Group 1:

Tashidosu > tashitonasu (tashitonan, tashitonas, tashitona…)

Rihtasu > Rihtanasu (rihtanan, rihtanas, rihtana...)

Rigusu > Rikunasu (rikunan, rikunas, rikuna…)

Group 2

Eisu > Einasu (einan, einas, eina…)

Seosu > Seonasu (seonan, seonas, seona…)

Muiyasu > Muiyanasu (muiyanan, muiyanas, muiyana....)

Rule: for both groups 1 and 2 verbs, to create the negative stem, just add “na” before the -su ending, and conjugate the new verb as a group 1 verb.

Group 3

Jissu > Jisanasu (jisanan, jisanas, jisana…)

Tehossu > Tehosanasu (tehosanan, tehosanas, tehosana)

Tsurahsu> Tsurahnasu (tsurahnan, tsurahnas, tsurahna...)

Muppuhsu> Muppuhnasu (muppuhnan, muppuhnas, muppuhna…)

Yokansu > Yokannasu (yokannan, yokannas, yokanna...)

Chozinsu > Chozinnasu (choziwanan, choziwanas, choziwana…)

Tederiksu > Tederīnasu (tederīnan, tederīnas, tederīna…)

Bakkomaksu > Bakkomānasu (bakkomānan, bakkomānas, bakkomāna…)

Sonomulsu > Sonomūnasu (sonomūnan, sonomūnas, sonomūna…)

Nyukilsu > Nyukīnasu (nyukīnan, nyukīnas, nyukīna…)

Kichoarsu > Kichoānasu (kichoānan, kichoānas, kichoāna...)

Otarsu > Otānasu (otānan, otānas, otāna…)

See here the rule in detail:

- ssu verbs: insert “ana” between the -s ending stem and the -su suffix. In this case, the negative infix is always “ana”, regardless of the last stem vowel

- hsu verbs: just add “na” between h and -su suffix.

- nsu verbs: just add “na” between n and -su suffix

-ksu/lsu/rsu verbs: remove k/l/r, prolong the previous vowel and add “na” before the -su suffix

Verb group		Negative particle
Group 1		na (𖭑)
Group 2		na (𖭑)
Group 3	-ssu verbs	ana (𖬮𖭑)
	- hsu verbs	na (𖭑)
	- nsu verbs	na (𖭑)
	- ksu/lsu/rsu verbs	long vowel + na (⸠𖭑)