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UL03a^∈⊾

Physical Geography

Climate

Located at the southern tip of Liberán Island and among the southernmost countries of Uletha (with only the Cariocas archipelago lying farther south), UL03a roughly straddles the equator, spanning from -4.2° to 1.5° latitude. The country experiences a predominantly tropical climate, with consistently warm temperatures and seasonal rainfall. Its diverse landscape, ranging from coastal plains to montane zones, fosters four distinct Köppen climate classifications:

• Af (Tropical Rainforest): On the windward slopes of the coastal plains, lowlands, and foothills, with average temperatures ranging from 26–29°C. Annual rainfall exceeds 1,500 mm and is evenly distributed throughout the year, with no distinct dry season.
• Aw (Tropical Savanna): On the leeward slopes of the coastal plains, lowlands, and foothills, with average temperatures ranging from 23–27°C. Annual rainfall totals 1,000–1,400 mm, with a distinct dry season from November to April.
• Cfb (Temperate Oceanic): On the windward slopes of the highlands and montane, with average temperatures ranging from 10–23°C. Annual rainfall exceeds 1,200 mm and is evenly distributed throughout the year, with frequent cloud cover and mist at higher elevations.
• Cwb (Subtropical Highland): On the leeward slopes of the highlands and montane, with average temperatures ranging from 8–20°C. Annual rainfall totals 1,000–1,500 mm, with a distinct dry season from November to April.

Topography and Landscape

The landscape is dominated by the South Liberán Range, which stretches from the north and divides the country in half. The highest point, Monte Ita, is a stratovolcano rising to 3,456 meters on the border with Xochimalta. Nearby peaks, ranging from 2,000 to 2,500 meters, form part of a small volcanic cluster, most of which are dormant. The mountains include several distinct elevation zones:

Zone	Elevation (m)	Climate
Coastal Plains	0–200	Aw / Af
Lowlands	200–500	Aw / Af
Foothills	500–1,000	Aw / Af
Highlands	1,000–2,000	Cwb / Cfb
Montane	2,000–3,500	Cwb / Cfb

In the northwest, the terrain becomes gentler as the range moves inland, transitioning to rolling hills, valleys, and fertile plains near the coast. The southwest is more rugged, where the mountains are closer to the coast, creating steeper slopes and narrower coastal areas. The eastern slopes receive more rainfall, forming broad river valleys, floodplains, and fertile deltas that support agriculture and settlements. The eastern coast features a larger coastal plain, though the terrain becomes more varied near river mouths and foothills. At the southern tip of the country is Cabo Bonito, marked by a rocky promontory that rises sharply from the surrounding lowlands. Strong ocean currents around the cape shape the region, and shoals and sandbars extend offshore from the tip, adding to its distinct geography.