View source for User:Reece202/Sandbox/Bjeri for Naming

A very rough guide to the Bjéri language for those who wish to name things in Bjéri (really only useful for countries bordering northern [[Kalisänjo]]). Mostly a stripped down version of the full grammar document (that is, omitting the sentence grammar sections), but with some extra bits specifically geared to mapping. There may be some things missing, as I've been a bit lax with documentation over the years, so if you have questions or spot a major ommision, feel free to [https://opengeofiction.net/message/new/Reece202 message me] and I'll get it fixed.

== Orthography ==

===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|-
! 
! colspan="2" | LABIAL
! colspan="3" | CORONAL
! COR/DOR
! colspan="2" | DORSAL
! colspan="2" | LARYNGEAL
|-
| 
| BILABIAL
| LABIODENTAL
| DENTAL
| ALVEOLAR
| POSTALVEOLAR
| PALATAL
| VELAR
| UVULAR
| PHARYNGEAL
| GLOTTAL
|-
| rowspan="2" | NASAL
| / m /
| 
| colspan="3" | / n /
| 
| / ŋ /
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | m
| 
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | n
| 
| style="font-weight:bold;" | ny
| 
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | PLOSIVE
| / p /     / b /
| 
| colspan="3" | / t /     / d /
| 
| / k /     / g /
| 
| 
| / ʔ /
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| p     b
| 
| colspan="3" | t     d
| 
| k     g
| 
| 
| style="font-weight:normal;" | '''&apos;''' or '''dh''' *
|-
| rowspan="2" | SIBLILANT AFFRICATE
| 
| 
| colspan="2" | / ts /     / dz /
| / tʃ /     / dʒ /
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| 
| 
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | ts     dz
| style="font-weight:bold;" | c     dzy
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | SIBILANT FRICATIVE
| 
| 
| 
| / s /     / z /
| / ʃ /     / ʒ /
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| 
| 
| 
| style="font-weight:bold;" | s     z
| style="font-weight:bold;" | sy     zy
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | NON-SIBILANT FRICATIVE
| 
| / f /     / v /
| 
| 
| 
| 
| / x /     / ɣ /
| / ʁ /
| / ħ /
| 
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="font-weight:normal;" | 
| f     v
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ǩ     ǧ
| r
| h
| style="font-weight:normal;" | 
|-
| rowspan="2" | APPROXIMANT
| 
| 
| 
| / ɹ /
| 
| / j /
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| 
| 
| 
| style="font-weight:bold;" | r
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 
| style="font-weight:bold;" | j
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | TAP
| 
| 
| 
| / ɾ /
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| 
| 
| 
| style="font-weight:bold;" | l
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | LATERAL FRICATIVE
| 
| 
| 
| / ɬ /     / ɮ /
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| 
| 
| 
| style="font-weight:bold;" | š     ž
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | FRICATIVE/APPROXIMANT CO-ARTICULATED
| / ʍ /     / w /
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | w     w
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

*  apostrophe used between vowels, “dh” used between a vowel and another consonant

===== Vowels =====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|-
! 
! FRONT
! CENTRAL
! BACK
|-
| rowspan="2" | CLOSE
| / i /     / y /
| 
| / u /
|-
| '''i'''     '''ĭ'''
| 
| '''u'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | CLOSE-MID
| / e /     / ø /
| 
| / o /
|-
| '''e'''     '''ĕ'''
| 
| '''o'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | MID
| 
| / ə /
| 
|-
| 
| '''ø'''
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | OPEN-MID
| / ɛ /     / œ /
| 
| / ɔ /
|-
| '''e'''     '''ĕ'''
| 
| '''ŏ'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | NEAR-OPEN
| 
| / ɐ /
| 
|-
| 
| '''a'''
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | OPEN
| / a /
| 
| 
|-
| '''a'''
| 
| 
|}

Vowels in Bjéri can be long or short.
Long vowels are not marked in the orthography except for / a / and / o /, unless vowel length defines a minimal pair. Minimal pair vowel marking uses the same umlaut diacritic as / a /

a → ä
o → ou



== Syllable structure and Phonotoactics ==

Bjéri syllables are formed in the following paradigm

(C(j))V(V)(C)(C)(C)

Any consonant except for / ʒ /, / ŋ / and / ʁ / can fill the initial consonant position
Syllable final consonants are limited to /s ʃ n m l h ŋ ʁ t k v/
Multi consonant syllable endings are limited to the following combinations:
/ns/
/nst/
/ʁk/
/ʁkt/

=== Phonotoactics within words ===

/ dʒ / is only found at the beginning of words. If / dʒ / is the first consonant in the second half of a compound word, it changes to / ʒ /

Consonant clusters within words are limited to 3 consecutive consonants, irrespective of syllable breaks. for example:

ka'''rkt.s'''aka is not a valid combination. ka'''rk.s'''aka is valid

Syllables ending in stop consonants cannot be followed directly by a nasal consonant; a vowel must be inserted between the consonants in this case

/CVns.tV/ becomes /CVns.kV/ when /kV/ is word final

=== Syllable Stress ===

By default, every second syllable is stressed, with the second syllable from the beginning being given the primary stress. If the first syllable contains a diphtong or long vowel, that syllable is given the primary stress and the secondary stress pattern counts one syllable earlier than it would otherwise.

If a word has its primary stress outside of this pattern, the vowel of the syllable with the primary stress is marked with an acute accent. If the vowel in question has a diacritic of its own (i.e.  ǐ, ě, and ǒ) then the stress is unmarked.

Bjéri → / ˈbjɛ.ɹi /
bjeri → / bjɛ.ˈɹi /

=== Vowel Harmony ===

Bjéri vowels follow a rounded-unrounded vowel harmony scheme within words.
Within a word, starting at the beginning of the word, all front (unrounded) vowels following a back (rounded) vowel are harmonized to their rounded variant, until a stop consonant is reached, which resets the vowel harmony. This is particularly noticable in adjective forms

kohu - large
* masculine - / ko.ˈhu / kohu
* feminine - / ko.ˈhy / kohǐ
* neutral - / ko.ˈhyn / kohǐn

normally, the feminine and neutral forms for an adjective ending in / u / would be / i/, however because of the preceeding / o /, they are instead the rounded form / y /

Back vowels / u o ɔ / trigger this harmony scheme, affecting front vowels / i e ɛ /, which become / y ø œ / respectively. / ə ɐ a / are unaffected by harmony and are transparent to harmony changes (that is, they do not stop a harmonic progression through the affected word).

== Nouns ==

Bjéri nouns have three genders (feminine, masculine, and neutral), three cases (nominative, accusative, and genitive) and three numbers (singular, dual, and plural)

=== Gender ===
The gender of Bjéri nouns are largely imperceptible through orthography. Bjéri dictionaries mark gender for each entry, and it is common for learners of Bjéri to memorise vocabulary along with the definite article. While at first glance words do not seem to have any perceptible connection to grammatical gender, there are rules that match most words to their gender.

==== Feminine Nouns ====
* Names of occupations traditionally held by females
* Names of flowering plants (except fruit bearing trees)
* Names of fruits
* Names of birds
* Words for most water features
* Names of territories ending in -a, -e, -i, -jo
** La Pasali (Pasalia), La nAradesfera (Ardesphere), La Jousou Salanzakija (New Slanshire)
* Nouns derived from verbs ending in -ta

==== Neutral Nouns ====
* Names of most animals, except birds and fish
* Nouns derived from verbs (except -ta)
* Names of fruit bearing trees (but not fruits themselves)
* Words relating to time
* Words for small landforms
* Names of territories ending in consonants
** Lany Jersin (Yersinian Archipellago), Lany Pakøstär (Paxtar)
* Names of young animals
* All diminutives
* Directions (compass and egocentric)

==== Masculine Nouns ====
* Names of occupations traditionally held by males
* Names of edible plants (except fruits)
* Names of fish
* Words for large landforms
* Names of territories ending in -u, -o (except -jo)
** Lo Kofuku (Kofuku), Lo Awustrasuno (Austrasuno Tero)
* All colors

In dictionaries, noun gender is often shown by appending the appropriate definite article to the word
* la → feminine
* lany → neutral
* lo → masculine

Noun cases are formed along the following suffix charts. If a noun ends with a consonant and is suffixed with consontant initial suffix, the consonant at the end of the base word is dropped (i.e. koǧasy ''cereal [nominative case]'' → koǧanijen ''cereals [accusitive case]''). Similarly, final vowels are dropped for vowel initial suffixes (i.e. ǧálsya ''melody'' → ǧálsyetchø ''(two) melodies'')

Singular
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Case
! Feminine
! Neutral
! Masculine
|-
| Nominative
| -
| -
| -
|-
| Accusative
| -ni
| -ni
| -no
|-
| Genitive
| -da
| -diha
| -den
|}

Dual
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Case
! Feminine
! Neutral
! Masculine
|-
| Nominative (reg.)
| -etchø
| -etchø
| -etchø
|-
| Nom. (-i final)
| -ssyø
| -ssatcu
| -ssatcu
|-
| Nom. (-m final)
| -usya
| -utcø
| -ukjø
|-
| Nom. (-u final)
| -lakcø
| -lakcø
| -lakcø
|-
| Accusative
| -nijetcø
| -nijetcø
| -nojětcø
|-
| Genitive
| -dajetcø
| -djetcø
| -detcø
|}

Plural
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Case
! Feminine
! Neutral
! Masculine
|-
| Nominative (reg.)
| -en
| -en
| -en
|-
| Nom. (-i final)
| -ssa
| -ssahu
| -ssaku
|-
| Nom. (-m final)
| -u
| -u
| -u
|-
| Nom. (-u final)
| -la
| -lahi
| -lak
|-
| Accusative
| -nijen
| -nijen
| -nojěn
|-
| Genitive
| -dasyen
| -dihen
| -dejen
|}

==Adjectives==

Adjectives in Bjéri come in three forms, generally called Masculine, Feminine, and Neutral in parallel with the noun genders. However, masculine and feminine adjectives are sometimes referred to as Back and Front adjectives, based on the articulation position of their final vowel. These forms are identifiable based on what is considered to be the "natural" form of the adjective (that is to say, its dictionary form)

* Adjectives that are Masculine are listed as ending with back vowels / u o ɔ / (u o ǒ)
* Adjectives that are Feminine are listed as ending with front vowels / i e ɛ / (i e e) and their rounded counterparts / y ø œ / (ǐ ě ě)
* Adjectives that are Neutral are those that end in consonants, as well as vowels / ə ɐ a / (ø a a)

In general, adjectives in Bjéri agree with their head words in gender, and are conjugated to do so. Neutral adjectives do not conjugate, that is they always agree without any change. Masculine and Feminine adjectives do conjugate. For Masculine and Feminine nouns, the base gender of the adjective doesn't matter; the final vowel is always replaced with the appropriate front or back vowel to match the noun gender. For Neutral nouns, the base gender of the adjective determines what suffix the adjective will use.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Feminine (front)
! colspan="2" | Neutral
! rowspan="2" | Masculine (back)
|-
! Feminine base
! Masculine base
|-
| / -i /
| / -im /
| / -in /
| / -u /
|-
| '''-i'''
| '''-im'''
| '''-in'''
| '''-u'''
|-
| / -e /
| / -et /
| / -on /
| / -o /
|-
| '''-e'''
| '''-et'''
| '''-on'''
| '''-o'''
|-
| / -ɛ /
| / -ɛt /
| / -ɔŋ /
| / -ɔ /
|-
| '''-e'''
| '''-et'''
| '''-ŏny'''
| '''-ŏ'''
|}

==Verbs==
Verbs in their infinitive forms end in one of three endings; -rev, -zyev, and -lov. These three endings point to a specific conjugation paradigm. There are two main verb conjugation paradigms; Formal (called Ittabŏ, or Ǩŏkatabŏ) and Informal (called Sawabŏ)

===Ittabŏ conjugation===

In the Ittabò form, verbs code gender only in the first person; in second and third person gender is not coded on the verb. There are 4 simple tenses in Ittabŏ conjugation, formed by removing the -rev/-zyev/-lov ending from the verb plus the preceding vowel and replacing it with the appropriate suffix. The most common conjugations seen in place names are simple present and simple ancient past, although for completeness all 4 simple tenses are listed here.

=====Base Conjugation=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" | person
! rowspan="2" | gender
! colspan="2" | -rev
! colspan="2" | -zyev
! colspan="2" | -lov
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
| fem/neut
| -i
| rowspan="2" | -jen
| -a
| rowspan="2" | -ajen
| -i
| rowspan="2" | -se
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| masc
| -u
| -ut
| -u
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
| neut
| -isi
| -isen
| -ssa
| -ssan
| -ira
| -iren
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 3
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | neut
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -øni
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ønit
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -øni
|}

=====Simple Present=====
Simple present tense in Byri is formed solely through the base conjugation
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" | person
! rowspan="2" | gender
! colspan="2" | -rev ex: zjamerev<br />(to be)
! colspan="2" | -zyev ex: visazyev<br />(to flow)
! colspan="2" | -lov ex etrikolov<br />(to flee)
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
| fem/neut
| zjami
| rowspan="2" | zjamjen
| visa
| rowspan="2" | visajen
| etriki
| rowspan="2" | etrikse
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| masc
| zjamu
| visut
| etriku
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
| neut
| zjamisi
| zjamisen
| vissa
| vissan
| etrikira
| etrikiren
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 3
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | neut
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | zjamøni
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | visønit
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | etrikøni
|}

=====Simple future=====
Simple future tense is formed through diphthongization of the present tense conjugation endings. Diphthongs are formed by prefixing the final vowel with its front-back opposite in articulation (/ i / is considered the opposite of / a ɐ / in this context)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" | person
! rowspan="2" | gender
! colspan="2" | -rev ex: zjamerev<br />(to be)
! colspan="2" | -zyev ex: visazyev<br />(to flow)
! colspan="2" | -lov ex etrikolov<br />(to flee)
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
| fem/neut
| zjamuĭ
| rowspan="2" | zjamjoĕn
| visai
| rowspan="2" | visajoĕn
| etrikuĭ
| rowspan="2" | etriksoĕ
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| masc
| zjamiu
| visiut
| etrikiu
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
| neut
| zjamisuĭ
| zjamisoĕn
| vissai
| vissain
| etrikirai
| etrikiroĕn
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 3
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | neut
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | zjamønuĭ
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | visønuĭt
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | etrikønuĭ
|}

=====Simple Recent Past=====
Simple recent past tense is formed by apophony - front vowels are shifted to their back vowel counterparts in the verb stem. If the verb stem only contains back vowels, the prefix xò- is added. (Historically, all verbs carried xò- in the recent past tense, however it has been dropped in all cases where doing so does not revert the word to present tense [in most cases. Sometimes it doesn't follow this]) 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" | person
! rowspan="2" | gender
! colspan="2" | -rev ex: zjamerev<br />(to be)
! colspan="2" | -zyev ex: visazyev<br />(to flow)
! colspan="2" | -lov ex etrikolov<br />(to flee)
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
| fem/neut
| zjŏmi
| rowspan="2" | zjŏmjen
| vusa
| rowspan="2" | vusajĕn
| otruki
| rowspan="2" | otruksĕ
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| masc
| zjŏmu
| vusut
| otruku
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
| neut
| zjŏmisi
| zjŏmisen
| vussa
| vussan
| otrukĭra
| otrukĭren
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 3
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | neut
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | zjŏmøni
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | vusønit
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | otrukønĭ
|}

=====Simple Ancient Past=====
Simple ancient past tense is formed with the infix -ŏk- inserted into the recent past form.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" | person
! rowspan="2" | gender
! colspan="2" | -rev ex: zjamerev<br />(to be)
! colspan="2" | -zyev ex: visazyev<br />(to flow)
! colspan="2" | -lov ex etrikolov<br />(to flee)
|- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle;"
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
| singular
| dual/plural
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
| fem/neut
| zjŏmŏki
| rowspan="2" | zjŏmŏkjen
| vusŏka
| rowspan="2" | vusŏkjĕn
| otrukŏki
| rowspan="2" | otruksŏkĕ
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| masc
| zjŏmŏku
| vusŏkut
| otrukŏku
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
| neut
| zjŏmŏkisi
| zjŏmŏkisen
| vusŏksa
| vusŏksan
| otrukŏkĭra
| otrukŏkĭren
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | 3
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | neut
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | zjŏmŏkøni
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | vusŏkønit
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | otrukŏkønĭ
|}

===Sawabŏ conjugation===
In the Sawabŏ form, verbs only code positive or negative. In this form, grammatical person and gender are ignored. All verbs conjugate the same, unlike in the Ittabŏ form.

''Ex:'' Hutĭrĕv ''- to see''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positive
! Negative
|-
| Hutĭ
| Hutaza
|}


== Common naming paradigms ==

In all names, vowels can shift over time and syllables can be dropped; word parts may not exactly line up with modern word forms, especially in older names.

===Settlements===
=====Proper names=====
e.g. Ǩarsyände ''lit: Syäna's Toll Bridge''
* generally a single compound word
* (item in nominative form)(owner in genitive form)
=====X-(up)on-Y / X-of-Y=====
e.g. Seneko-dzyipori-Kisiko ''lit: Seneko upon (the river) Kisiko''
e.g. Miri-de-zi ''lit: Miri of (the) sea''
* (up)on used for flowing water (rivers, streams, etc.)
* of used for water bodies (seas and lakes)
=====-haraja=====
e.g. Sediharaja, Lakasenharaja
* Pre-1650, towns granted official market town status would be renamed with the -haraja suffix
* After 1650, the practice ended, however new settlements founded after 1650 would occasionally be given -haraja names in order to sound important
=====Verb Phrases=====
e.g. Lo-Bjinzyou-Asirøni ''lit: The Blowing Sand''
* (definite article) (noun) (verb)
* words separated by hyphens
* verb generally conjugated in present tense or ancient past tense (if using Ittabŏ form)
===Regions/Administrative divisions===
=====-zakija=====
equivalent to the Ingerish -shire. A territory which under the feudal system was ruled by a Saru-Ratshal/Dorun-Radzhal
=====-hän=====
A territory which was originally a tributary kingdom, which later became a Dutchy (Ferenzjira/Ferenzar) or March (Meliakira/Dorun Zimengirel) of the Bjéri Empire


== Useful words for naming ==
''This section will be expanded''
=====Landforms=====
* (lo) bazfal - canyon
* (lo) bjinzyou - sand
* (lany) ǩonzyi / dzyoǩonzyi - hill
* (lany) kazikol - plantation
* (lo) kol - farm
* (la) zjarha - canal
* (la) odenzi - canal basin
* (la) øssiny - spring
* (lo) jil - island
* (la) sänjo - plain; grassland
* (la) kiro - swamp
* (lo) fal - valley
* (la) karu - water
* (la) dzyäka - lake
* (la) visol - river
* (la) bek - stream
* (lo) cusi - bay
* (lo) sonde - coast, bank

=====Colors=====
* lazon - white
* dovu - black
* dŏrkjŏh - black
* ǩiny - grey
* rais - red
* tarektja - red
* sitruh - orange
* solĭs - yellow
* lunyon - yellow
* ijono - light blue/light green
* sajomĭs - dark blue/dark green
* dzyŏrjos - green (modern coinage)

=====Structures, roads, and other man made features=====
* (lany) oskifastora-eki - airport
* (lany) ǩjin - border, frontier
* (lo) kar - medieval toll bridge (historically referred to all bridges, supplanted by ''tjorkat'')
* (lo) tjorkat - bridge
* (lo) ǩoudän - building
* (la) korakidiventa - bypass
* (la) sakalisa - church, temple
* (la) valta - town, city
* (lany) daiseki - coaching inn
* (lo) sekou - town common
* (la) makumaki - courthouse
* (la) Ätokoraki - motorway
* (lo) takimaki - factory
* (lany) korsa - castle, fortress, palace
* (lany) zyafan - gate
* (lany) sahak - house
* (la) kisyei - junction
* (lany) haivu - mine, quarry
* (la) basya - park
* (lany) shirazou - toll road, turnpike
* (lo) sasyinkaru / karu - port, dock
* (lo) korakikasi - railway
* (la) zena - religious grove (in the traditional Bjéri religion)
* (la) koraki - road
* (lo) vaku - road
* (la) korakizokil - roundabout
* (lo) kaso - route
* (lany) erinda - school
* (lany) kohĭnerinda - university
* (la) wazuma - shopping mall
* (la) kalizitør - shrine
* (lany) masyanana - tower, skyscraper

=====Useful Adjectives=====
* beko - old
* bekobeko - ancient
* anak - reverse
* orĕĭ - beautiful
* visäz - beautiful
* zeiban - central
* karek - durable
* vai - hard
* kohu - great (in size), large
* kahezi - immense
* tor - long
* basir - lower
* vaku - upper/higher
* fen - main
* noukou - north
* zovura - south
* selte - east
* dasykar - west

=====Useful Verbs=====
* askaskirev - to stop
* kastirev - sto change
* kisykarev - to push
* kusykŏlŏv - to pull
* lazanørev - to cross
* sonaterev - to play
* zjaserev - to sing
* asirirev - to blow
* bokilarev - to speak
* demerev - to cry/weep
* etirev - to stand
* invesykørev - to burn
* dzyutiralov - to rain
* omĭbirev - to fall
* soukorev - to run
* visazyev - to flow
* waserev - to cry/scream