User:Izaland Terramorphing Committee/Sandbox/Izaki Language

Izaki
華邦語
izakigo
Official in	Izaland
Also spoken in	South-Eastern Uletha
Estimated number of speakers	132 million
Regulating body	Izaland National Academy for the Izaki Language 國立華邦語管理學會
Recognized dialects	Warohan, Juhuku`
Language family	isolate
Tonal language	No
byakuji (百字) and askaoza (𖬮ᒢ𖬭'ᐤ𖬖𖬰)
byakuji (百字) and askaoza (𖬮ᒢ𖬭'ᐤ𖬖𖬰)
Norms of linguistic structure
Common constituent word order	SOV
Noun declensions Case Gender Number
Verb conjugations Aspect Mood Number Person Tense Voice
Adjective declensions Case Gender Number

A brief manual of Izaki language, the conlang under development for Izaland.

Basically it is a language isolate, however many elements are inspired by Japanese, Korean and Finnish Languages.

Phonology - 音声学

Sounds

Izaki language has an average number of consonant sounds, and a limited number of vocalic sounds, making it a pretty easy to pronounce language.

Vowels

Izaki has 5 vowels and 2 semivowels. The 5 vowels can have a short or a long sound:

	Back	Front
Close	/i/	/u/
Mid	/e/	/o/
Open		/a/

The semivowels are /w/ and /j/, and always occur before a vowel. The only exception is the /wjV/ composition, where V is a vowel (mostly /a/), like in the compound /wja/ (業).

Consonants

Izaki has 22 consonants, as per the following phonetic chart.

↓ Manner/Place →	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d		c	k ɡ
Affricate			ʦ ʣ	ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f ʋ	s z	ʃ ʒ			h
Approximant					j
Trill			ɾ
Lateral approximant			l

Syllabes

The Izaki phonology is strictly syllable based, and the structure we are going to explain followingly is so strict that also foreign loan words must be adapted to it.

To better explain the syllable composition, we will divide the different sounds into three categories:

V: the 5 vowels, short or long (a, e, i, o, u, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū)

C: the 22 consonants (p, b, k, g, t, d, ch, j, s, z, ts, ð, sh, zh, m, n, l, r, h, f, v)

F: the syllable-final consonants (n, l, s, r, h*, kk**) - only these consonants can appear after a vowel in a syllable, or at the end of a word. However, no words end by -h.

*h: it can be found in the final position of a syllable structure, and appears between a vowel and another consonant. The following consonant will be not voiced

Example words: dahkei (cliff), zhohtan (side), nihki (coast), rihmi (county), nehkeu (too much)

**kk: the geminated /k/ is a feature of the south-west dialect, and in current Izaki language only appears in the name of the city of Kikknās (Itakiri Prefecture).

A basic syllable can be one of the following kinds:

• V any vowel, short or long
• CV any consonant*, any vowel
• CVF

Only non sonorant consonants (k, t, p, s, ts, sh, ch) and n, l, r can be strong (doubled).  

Example words: kaida (sword), miwa (water),  rekki (pen), noppo (spoon), keilo (route), shihkama (whale), kamitsas (everywhere), estinden (always), jīssu (to press), yokoku (notice), jāshiki (common sense), gūnyū (milk), hākei (total), keskwa (result), wingyōn (bank), inshēs (printing)...

Writing System

Izaki language writing system is one of the most articulated writing systems, making use of the Bai characters and an original composed alphabet called askaoza (邦記, or 𖬒ᒢ𖬭ᣟᐤ𖬖𖬰).

The Bai characters and the askaoza are not alternative writing systems, but each of them has a definite role. Basically, Bai characters are used to show the semantical meaning of nouns, verb roots, adjectives etc., while askaoza complements them, allowing variable parts of the speech to be declined or conjugated accordingly. This works basically as in Japanese with kanji and kana.

In the first section of our language manual we are going to learn the basics of the askaoza.

Main features of the askaoza writing system:

1. One letter corresponds to one sound
2. All the letter are by default adjoined with the sound “/a/”. No words in Izaki can start with a double consonant, while certain consonants can follow another one, but their representation is different (see later)
3. The other vocalic sounds except for “a” are rendered with a diacritic symbol, on the left or on the right of the consonant.
4. Single vowels are shown by a “placeholder” symbol, with the value of /a/ if no other vowel diacritic is present.
5. The main letters are unvoiced sounds. The corresponding voiced sounds are marked by a dot on the top.

Roman alp.	Character	IPA	Roman alp.	Character	IPA
清音 (seion) - unvoiced			濁音 (takuon) - voiced
K	𖬭	/k/	G	𖬭𖬰	/g/
P	𖬡	/p/	B	𖬡𖬰	/b/
S	𖬖	/s/	Z	𖬖𖬰	/z/
T	𖬮	/t/	D	𖬮𖬰	/d/
F	𖬌	/f/	V	𖬌𖬰	/v/
CH	𖬥	/ʧ/	J	𖬥𖬰	/ʤ/
SH	𖬔	/ʃ/	ZH	𖬔𖬰	/ʒ/
TS	𖬪	/ʦ/	Đ	𖬪𖬰	/ʣ/
			H	𖬨	/h/
			N	𖭑	/n/
			M	𖬊	/m/
			L	𖬠	/l/
			R	𖬬	/r/

Vowels and consonant joints

Let’s take the first letter in Izaki alphabetical order, the “ka”: 𖬭 As it is now, we would read it /ka/, and not “k”, since in Izaki consonants are not stand-alone, and the default value is /ka/.

What if we want to give it the sound /ke/? In this case we need to add on the right (as this is the rule of the “E”) the necessary diacritic, called, in Izaki, tenkun: 𖬭ɭ

Thus we know that “𖬭ɭ” will be read as /ke/; “𖬭𖬭ɭ” will be /kake”/ and “𖬭ɭ𖬭” shall be /keka/

In the same way, we can write either ki, ko, and ku:

𖬭ᛁ   the “i” sound is made by adding a vertical bar

𖬭ᐤ  the “o” sound is made by adding a small circle on the top-right

𖬭𐐢  the “u” sound is rendered by an umbrella handle shaped element

Thus we can have these possible combinations:

𖬭𖬭ᛁ (kaki), 𖬭ᐤ𖬭𐐢 (koku), 𖬭ᛁ𖬭𐐢 (kiku) etc…

Let’s take a view to the main Izaki consonants with the 5 simple vowels:

Consonant	A	E	I	O	U
-	𖬒 a	𖬒ɭ e	𖬒ᛁ i	𖬒ᐤ o	𖬒𐐢 u
K	𖬭 ka	𖬭ɭ ke	𖬭ᛁ ki	𖬭ᐤ ko	𖬭𐐢 ku
P	𖬡 pa	𖬡ɭ pe	𖬡ᛁ pi	𖬡ᐤ po	𖬡𐐢 pu
S	𖬖 sa	𖬖ɭ se	𖬖ᛁ shi	𖬖ᐤ so	𖬖𐐢 su
T	𖬮 ta	𖬮ɭ te	𖬮ᛁ ti	𖬮ᐤ to	𖬮𐐢 tu
F	𖬌 fa	𖬌ɭ fe	𖬌ᛁ fi	𖬌ᐤ fo	𖬌𐐢 fu
CH	𖬥 cha	𖬥ɭ che	𖬥ᛁ chi	𖬥ᐤ cho	𖬥𐐢 chu
SH	𖬔 sha	𖬔ɭ she	𖬔ᛁ shi	𖬔ᐤ sho	𖬔𐐢 shu
TS	𖬪 tsa	𖬪ɭ tse	𖬪ᛁ tsi	𖬪ᐤ tso	𖬪𐐢 tsu
H	𖬨 ha	𖬨ɭ he	𖬨ᛁ hi	𖬨ᐤ ho	𖬨𐐢 hu
N	𖭑 na	𖭑ɭ ne	𖭑ᛁ ni	𖭑ᐤ no	𖭑𐐢 nu
M	𖬊 ma	𖬊ɭ me	𖬊ᛁ mi	𖬊ᐤ mo	𖬊𐐢 mu
L	𖬠 la	𖬠ɭ le	𖬠ᛁ li	𖬠ᐤ lo	𖬠𐐢 lu
R	𖬬 ra	𖬬ɭ re	𖬬ᛁ ri	𖬬ᐤ ro	𖬬𐐢 ru

Here are the derived consonants with the different vowel combinations:

Consonant	A	E	I	O	U
-	𖬒 a	𖬒ɭ e	𖬒ᛁ i	𖬒ᐤ o	𖬒𐐢 u
G	𖬭𖬰 ga	𖬭𖬰ɭ ge	𖬭𖬰ᛁ gi	𖬭𖬰ᐤ go	𖬭𖬰𐐢 gu
B	𖬡𖬰 ba	𖬡𖬰ɭ be	𖬡𖬰ᛁ bi	𖬡𖬰ᐤ bo	𖬡𖬰𐐢 bu
Z	𖬖𖬰 za	𖬖𖬰ɭ ze	𖬖𖬰ᛁ zi	𖬖𖬰ᐤ zo	𖬖𖬰𐐢 zu
D	𖬮𖬰 da	𖬮𖬰ɭ de	𖬮𖬰ᛁ di	𖬮𖬰ᐤ do	𖬮𖬰𐐢 du
V	𖬌𖬰 va	𖬌𖬰ɭ ve	𖬌𖬰ᛁ vi	𖬌𖬰ᐤ vo	𖬌𖬰𐐢 vu
J	𖬥𖬰 ja	𖬥𖬰ɭ je	𖬥𖬰ᛁ ji	𖬥𖬰ᐤ jo	𖬥𖬰𐐢 ju
ZH	𖬔𖬰 zha	𖬔𖬰ɭ zhe	𖬔𖬰ᛁ zhi	𖬔𖬰ᐤ zho	𖬔𖬰𐐢 zhu
Ð	𖬪𖬰 ða	𖬪𖬰ɭ ðe	𖬪𖬰ᛁ ði	𖬪𖬰ᐤ ðo	𖬪𖬰𐐢 ðu

Diphthongs

Besides the main 5 vowels, Izaki language also has s certain number of diphthongs, or gliding vowels, a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.

Let’s take a look at some examples: 𐭘𖬭 kya, 𐩪𖬌 fwo, 𐩬𖬖 swa

There are 8 main diphthongs, rendered in roman alphabet with “y” (/j/) and “w” (/w/), and in askaoza these semivocalic sounds are shown by a diacritic on the left of the corresponding consonant.

Let’s see how it works with the consonant 𖭑 (n):

	A	E	I	O	U
Y	𐭘𖭑 nya	𐐑𖭑 nye		ᛚ𖭑 nyo	𐐓𖭑 nyu
W	𐩬𖭑 nwa	𐩧𖭑 nwe	𐐊𖭑 nwi	𐩪𖭑 nwo

Example words and sounds:

𖭑ᛁ𐩬𖭑ɭ niswae

𖬒ᐤ𐐓𖬬𖬒 oryua

𐩧𖬭𖬬ᛁ kweri

𐐓𖬒𖬪ᐤ yutso

𐭘𖬨Ꮀ𐐊𖬭 hyaakwi

𐐑𖬒ᛁ𖬖ᐤᐡ yeison

𖬌𐐢𐐑𖬬 furye

𖬪𐩬𖬒 tsawa

𖬖𐩪𖬒𖬨ᛁ sawohi

𐩪𖬭𖬨ɭ kwohe

𖬊ᛁ𐩧𖬖Ꮀ miwee

ᛚ𖬒𖬊 yoma

𐐓𖬊Ꮀ𖬨 myuuha

ᛚ𖬮𖬖𐐢 tyosu

Double Consonants

The double consonant is possible only with K, P, CH, S, T, N, L, SH, TS, and it is shown by a "^" diacritic symbol on the respective glyph.

• KKA 𖬘𖬳
• PPA 𖬇𖬳
• TTA 𖬁𖬳𖬳
• CCHA 𖬐𖬳
• SSA 𖬖𖬳
• SSHA 𖬔𖬳
• TTSA 𖬑𖬳𖬳
• LLA 𖬈𖬳

Only the "nn" rendering is different, as it is shown with a diacritic symbol before "NA":

• NNA ⲅ𖭑

Examples

• 𖬮𖬭 taka    vs  𖬮𖬘𖬳  takka
• 𖬨ᛁ𖭑ᐡ hinan  vs  𖬨ᛁⲅ𖭑ᐡ  hinnan
• 𖬥ᛁ𐩪𖬭 chikwo vs  𖬥ᛁ𐩪𖬘𖬳  chikkwo
• 𖬮𐐢𖬖 usa vs 𖬮𐐢𖬖𖬳 ussa
• 𖬮ᐤ𖬇𐐢ᐢ opun vs 𖬮ᐤ𖬇𖬳𐐢ᐢ oppun

Long vowels

In Izaki language, vowels can be short or long. This feature has a distinctive value, so it is important to notice when a vowel is short or long.

In the official Sanotari-Idanos romanization system, long vowels are written with a macron: ā ī ē ō ū, while in the less used Tagenas romanization system, they are just left as a couple of vowels: aa, ii, ee, oo, uu.

In the askaoza alphabet, to mark a long vowel, the diacritic “Ꮀ” is placed on the right of the long vowel syllable.

Let’s take a look at some examples: 𖬭Ꮀ kā, 𖬌ᛁᎰ fī, 𖬮ᐤᎰ tō

There are cases of long vowel in a CVC syllabe. In this case, the diacritic must be placed before the final consonant one: 𖬪ᐤᎰᐡ tsōn, 𖬬𐐢Ꮀᒢ rūs, 𖬨ɭᎰᣘ hēr

Greetings and useful expressions

In the table, some useful words in Izaki

Ingerish	Izaki (romanised)	Transcription (Izaki)
Ingerish	Ingo	引語
Yes	Sā	𖬖⸠
No	Na	𖭑
Hello!	Ānjiwara!	𖬮⸠ᐢ𖬐𖬰ᛁ𐩬𖬮𖬬
How are you	Soi yodeska?	𖬖ᐤᛁ ꓩ𖬮𖬒𖬰ɭᒢ𖬭?
Hello (formal)	Āmajike	𖬮⸠𖬊𖬐𖬰ᛁ𖬭ɭ
Hi! (informal)	Ānji!	𖬮⸠ᐢ𖬐𖬰ᛁ!
I'm fine, thank you.	Nai tepan, dōmas.	𖭑꜉ 良ᐢ, 𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ᒢ.
So and so	tepana, zushina / tenazuna	良𖭑, 悪𖭑 / 𖬁ɭ𖭑𖬖𖬰𐐢𖭑
Goodbye!	Sokkiba!	𖬖ᐤⲅ𖬭ᛁ𖬇𖬰!
Welcome	Witte edeseke	𐐊𖬮𖬁𖬳𖬳ɭ 𖬮ɭ𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭ
Please	Inadeshiyan (indeshan)	𖬮ᛁ𖭑𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬔ᛁ𐭘𖬮ᐢ (𖬮ᛁᐢ𖬒𖬰ɭ𖬔ᐢ)
Thank you	Dōmas Dōmades	𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ᒢ. 𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊𖬒𖬰ɭᒢ
You're welcome	Dōmehisatta	𖬒𖬰ᐤ⸠𖬊ɭ𖬨ᛁ𖬖𖬁𖬳𖬳
Excuse me	Karansekeni / Karanseken / Karansee	𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭ𖭑ᛁ / 𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ𖬭ɭᐢ / 𖬭𖬬ᐢ𖬖ɭ⸠
Sorry	Kuben	𖬭𐐢𖬇𖬰ɭᐢ
Good morning	Tepan allaa	良ᐢ 朝⸠
Good afternoon	Tepan katoo	良ᐢ 昼⸠
Good evening	Tepan seikaa	良ᐢ 夕⸠
Goodnight	Tepan nanshaa	良ᐢ 夜⸠

Nouns

Nouns in Izaki can be declined in singular and plural forms. There are no genders, as male, female or neuter. All the names are genderless.

Plural Formation

In order to make the plural form, you need to prolong the last vowel of the name and add “n”. If the name already ends by a long vowel, just a n is added. If a noun ends in a consonant, see the rules.

Nouns ending by vowel:

Meaning	Singular (nominative)	Plural (nominative)
water	miwa (水)	miwaan (水⸠ᐢ)
fire	hunui（火）	hunuiin（火⸠ᐢ）
man	suto (男)	sutoon (男⸠ᐢ)
woman	natae (女)	nataeen (女⸠ᐢ)
apple	sugua (檎)	suguaan (檎⸠ᐢ)
forest	tsawa (森)	tsawaan (森⸠ᐢ)
rice	konu (米)	konuun (米⸠ᐢ)
freedom	jiyu (自由)	jiyuun (自由⸠ᐢ)
nation	kukka (國家)	kukkaan (國家⸠ᐢ)
symptom	byōshō (病症)	byōshōhin (病症𖬨ᛁᐢ)1

1: nouns ending by a long vowel will add "hin" (𖬨ᛁᐢ)

Noun ending by consonants:

In Izaki, due to phonological rules, words can only end by: -n, -s, -l, -r. Basically to make the plural form, you need to prolong the ending consonant, and recall once again the previous vowel.

Meaning	Singular (nominative)	Plural (nominative)	Remarks, exceptions
surface	pyomyen（表面）	pyomyenne（表面𖭑ɭ）
law	pōrīs（法律）	pōrīsshi（法律𖬔ᛁ）	Izaki phonetics do not allow the /si/ syllable, which becomes /ʃi/ (shi).
technology	gijus（技術）	gijussu（技術𖬖𐐢）
wave	moigon（波）	moigonno（波𖭑ᐤ）
leg	huinnon（脚）	huinnonno（脚𖭑ᐤ）
fennel	totsus（茴）	totsussu（茴𖬖𐐢）
insect	nās（虫）	nāssa（虫𖬖）	If the last vowel of the singular form is a long one (ā,ē,ī,ō,ū), in the plural form it will be a shortened vowel.
love	saison（愛）	saisonno（愛𖭑ᐤ）
docking	rul（埠）	rullu（埠𖬈𐐢）
God of the Sea	kikk（𖬭ᛁ𖬘𖬳'）	kikki（𖬭ᛁ𖬘𖬳ᛁ）	irregular word
moral	tekeh（徳）	tekehte（徳𖬁ɭ）	irregular word

Cases

Izaki Language operates on 8 cases (格⸠ᐢ kakuun).

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs need to be declined in most of the situations.

1. Nominative (主格, shukaku): the case used for the main subject, or the topic of the sentence. In the dictionary the nouns are in the nominative form.
2. Genitive (属格, zukkaku): to express the possession
3. Accusative (対格, taikaku): the case used for the direct object of a transitive verb
4. Dative (与格, yokaku): the indirect case of a destination recipient (to whom)
5. Essive (処格, shokaku): the case used to express the static position
6. Allative (向格, hyānkaku): the case used to express the direction (to the outside, until)
7. Ablative (奪格, daskaku): the case used to express the origin (from where, from when)
8. Instrumental (具格, gukaku): the case used to express the way or the instrument of an action (with something, using something), and also used to create other expressions using added ending suffixes.

The following tables shows how some example words declinate in the different cases at their singular forms:

Case/meaning	Addied stem (-V/-C)	water	tear	gate	wolf	opinion	day	sugar
Nominative	-	miwa	tsokke	mua	tsaikis	wiken	kato	satā
Genitive	add -n/-un	miwan	tsokken	muan	tsaikisun	wikenun	kadon	sadān
Accusative	prolong vowel1	miwā	tsokkē	muā	tsaikisū	wikenū	katoo	satā
Dative	add -i	miwai	tsokkei	muai	tsaikishi	wikenni	katoi	satāi
Essive	add -s/-us	miwan	tsokkes	muas	tsaikisus	wikenus	kados	sadās
Allative	add -r/-ur	miwar	tsokker	muar	tsaikisur	wikenur	kador	sadār
Ablative	add -l/-ul	miwal	tsokkel	mual	tsaikisul	wikenul	kadol	sadāl
Instrumental	see below	miwae	tsokkei	muae	tsaikiso	wikeni	katou	satāe

1: if the noun already ends by a long vowel, the accusative keeps the same as the nominative.

2: in the genitive, essive, allative and ablative cases (strong cases), nouns ending by vowel see a change in the last consonant, which becomes a sonorant if originally was k, p, ch, t, f, r, ts, sh, and preceded by a vowel. This phenomenon is called sonorisation of strong cases (強格濁音化);

Eg: lota (sheet) > lodas, taito (diary) > taidon, dasa (trunk) > dazas, niki (tower) > nigis

However, this doesn't happen with double consonants, and when the consonant is preceded by h or s:

E.g. dahkei (precipice) > dahkein, juska (son) > juskas

The instrumental

The instrumental case can be created using the “vowel progression system”, and the rule is easily observable by each vowel ending words:

1. Words ending in a: add an -e
2. Words ending in e: add an -i
3. Words ending in i: add an -o (a diphthongization happens, so the word end changes to -yo)
4. Words ending in o: add an -u
5. Words ending in u: add an -a (a diphthongization happens, so the word end changes to -wa)
6. Words ending in consonant follow the same vowel progression rule as above, but the ending consonant doubles

Meaning	Nominative	Instrumental	Notes
water	miwa	miwae
hill	oboe	oboei
river	sāri	sāryo	i+o contract in “yo”
color	ahiro	ahirou
bear	usumu	usumwa	u+a contract in “wa”
employee	shawin	shawinno
beetle	tendattan	tendattanne
Sainðaul	Sainðaul	Sainðaulla
life	seikwas	seikwasse

Note: words already ending with a diphthong keeps behaving the same, except for V+”o” ending nouns:

Meaning	Nominative	Instrumental	Remarks
lightning	sasatsai	sasatsayo
bell	akau	akawa
neck	kea	keae
tusk	nekīkei	nekīkeyo
mushroom	hingao	hingō*	-ao ending names change the last “ao” to “ō”
port	sāreo	sāreu	-eo ending names change the last “eo” to “eu”
glass	tassuo	tassū	-uo ending names change the last “uo” to “ū”
actor	haiyū	haiyūa	-long u ending names just see an added "a"

Derived cases

From the instrumental stem, by adding other particles, you can create some sub-cases.

1. Comitative (with): -te (miwaete, with the water; tendattannete, with the beetle)
2. Translative (to become): - nde (sāryonde, to become a river, jiyuande, to become free)
3. Dedative (about): - nkai (ahirounkai, about the color; )
4. Abessive (without) -ttan (saisonuttan, without love; gijussattan, without technology)

Another case, the istructive, is made by the dative bases:

1. Istructive (with the mean of): - hte

Example sentences

I live in Sainðaul

Nai Sainðaulus paen. (我 作安崎𐐢ᒢ 住𖬮ɭᐢ)

The books of the student are in the classroom.

Hakusein kinoon kyoshisus yohan.(学生之 冊⸠ᐢ 教室𐐢ᒢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ)

Anna ordered two novels.

Anna shosessē kantsul chubun teki. (𖬮ⲅ𖭑 小説𖬖ɭ⸠ 二𖬑𐐢ᐡ 注文𖬁ɭ𖬭ᛁ.)

Plural cases

The formation of the plural cases sees the presence of a thematic "i" inserted between the root of the word and the case ending; the consonant sonorisation doesn't happen:

Case/meaning	Addied stem (-V/-C)	water	tear	gate	wolf	opinion	day	sugar
Nominative	prolong last vowel and add -n/double the last consonant, and repeat the preceding vowel	miwaan	tsokkeen	muaan	tsaikisshi	wikenne	katoon	satāhin
Genitive	add -in/-en	miwain	tsokkein	muain	tsaikisen	wikenen	katoin	satāhen
Accusative	add -ita/-ta	miwaita	tsokkeita	muaita	tsaikista	wikenta	katoita	satāheta
Dative	add -hi	miwahi	tsokkehi	muahi	tsaikisshi	wikenhi	katohi	satāhi
Essive	add -is/-es	miwais	tsokkeis	muais	tsaikises	wikenes	katois	satāhes
Allative	add -ir/-er	miwair	tsokkeir	muair	tsaikiser	wikener	katoir	satāher
Ablative	add -il/-el	miwail	tsokkeil	muail	tsaikisel	wikenel	katoil	satāhel
Instrumental	add -i after the singular instrumental	miwaei	tsokkeii	muaei	tsaikisoi	wikenii	katoui	satāei

Note:

• When a noun ends by long vowel at its singular form, the plural nominative theme is "-hin", but changes in "-he-" for the strong cases (genitive, locative, allative, ablative) eg: fupō (illegality) becomes fupōhin (illegalities), fubōs (of the illegality), fupōhen (in the illegalities) ...

Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns in Izaki language, are the following:

	Sing.	Plur.
1st	Nai	Naiin (exclusive), Nahu (incl.)
2nd	Sai / Kisai	Saiin / Kisaiin
3rd	Han	Hannu

The 2nd person gets an honorific form by adding “ki” (貴) as a prefix

Case conjugation:

Case	I	You	He/She	We (ex)	We (inc)	You (pl)	They
Nominative	nai	sai	han	naiin	nahu	saiin	hannu
Genitive	naiyo	saiyo	haiyo	nakiyo	nahuyo	sakiyo	hanniyo
Accusative	naka	saka	haka	naika	nahka	saika	hannika
Dative	nakai	sakai	hakai	naikai	nahkai	saikai	hannikai
Essive	nais	sais	hais	nakis	nahkis	sakis	hannus
Allative	nair	sair	hair	nakir	nahkir	sakir	hannur
Ablative	nail	sail	hail	nakil	nahkil	sakil	hannul
Instrumental	nayo	sayo	hane	nakyo	nahkyo	sakyo	hannwa

The genitive, accusative and dative forms have also a suffix variation which can be put at the end of a noun or as a suffix of a verb:

Case
Genitive	-ne	-se	-he	-nehe	-nuhe	-sehe	-hese
Accusative	-ni	-shi	-hi	-nki	-nhi	-ski	-heshi
Dative	-na	-sa	-ha	-nka	-nha	-ska	-hasa

Note: in spoken language hese and hasa often become hes, has.

Genitive suffix

My computer: Naiyo dyensanki - or - dyensankine

His wallet: Haiyo ðaifu - or - ðaifuhe

Their house: Hanniyo futaka - or - futakahese

Your smile: Saiyo hamiku - or - hamikuse

Accusative suffix

The accusative suffix is used after a verb when the direct object of it is a personal pronoun.

I call you tomorrow: Nai akae nakonshi (also Nai akae saka nakon)

She invited you (pl) to the party: Han uiraben chadoiski (also Han saika uiraben chadoi)

I love you: (Nai) saisonshi (also Nai saka saison)

Accusative suffix with reflexive verbs

Certain verbs are called reflexive, as the action gets back to the subject. In these cases, the accusative suffix has to be used.

I get up (I wake up myself): Nai tashitonni.

He washes himself: Han jipehi.

They wore up in a hurry: Hannu dunese tapukeeheshi. (eehe is often pronounced “ppe” in the spoken language > tapukeppeshi)

(due to the repetitive eehe in reflexive verbs in the 3rd plural conjugation, the ēheshi suffix often gets contracted to ppēs, especially in spoken Izaki: “(Hannu) Dunese tapukeppes.”)

Dative suffix

The dative suffixes can be attached at the end of the verb. Notice the changes when the verb conjugation ends by consonant.

He gives me some presents: Han kappareita tsotana.

Sanna sent you her ring: Sanna tamūhe ronusa.

They killed him: Hannu sazokeeha.

Possessing function

To express sentences such as “I have something”, the pronoun must be changed in the possessor tense, which is as follow:

Standard form	Possessing form
Nai 𖭑꜉	Nara 𖭑𖬬
Sai 𖬖꜉	Sara 𖬖𖬬
Han 𖬨ᐢ	Hara 𖬨𖬬
Naiin 𖭑꜉⸠ᐢ	Naira 𖭑꜉𖬬
Saiin 𖬖꜉⸠ᐢ	Saira 𖬖꜉𖬬
Hannu 𖬨ⲅ𖭑𐐢	Hanara 𖬨𖭑𖬬

Structure: Pronoun in possessor form, owned object (nominative), to be verb (conjugated according to the number of the owned thing(s)).

I have a bicycle: Nara jityensha yo. (𖭑𖬬 自轉車 ꓩ𖬮)

She has many clothes: Hara tasuin chuneen yohan. (𖬨𖬬 多𖬮ᛁᐢ 衣⸠ᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ.)

You don’t have any pride: Saira nashehen euna yona. (𖬖꜉𖬬 什⸠ᐢ 誇 ꓩ𖬮𖭑.)

For nouns different than the personal pronoun, dative case shall be used for the person/object who owns something:

Kaoto has two cars: Kaotoi takamaan kanki yohan. (敢斗𖬮ᛁ 車⸠ᐢ 2基 ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ.)

Has your teacher got a girlfriend? Hagiuppayaise nattaiko yoreka?

Prepositions of place

Rule: change the name in the genitive case, followed by the position particle in essive case

Main prepositions of place (位置後付詞)

Meaning	Izaki	Writing	Example (with the words “table” (sawohi) and “” (house)
In front	adae	向	sawohin adaes
Behind	odae	後	sawohin odaes
On	uino	上	sawohin uinos
Over	swori	𐩪𖬖𖬬ᛁ	sawohin sworis
Under	teano	下	sawohin teanos
Below	kauri	𖬭'𐐢𖬬ᛁ	sawohin kauris
Next to	muje	横	sawohin mujes
Inside	juitte	中	futagan juittes
Outside	toku	外	futagan togus
Nearby	haikan	近ᐢ	futagan haikanus
Far from	nantan	遠ᐢ	futagan nantanus

Verbs

All izaki verbs, in the "dictionary form" end by -su (𖬖𐐢), and the part preceding it is the verb stem.

Verbs are conjugated according to the 6 pronouns and in 5 different basic tenses: present, simple past, perfect, future, and hypothetic.

Before other verb forms can be made one must first take off the infinitive ending from the stem, to which other endings are then added, cf. yuka/su ‘(to) think’ : yuka/ma/n ‘I will think’, yuka/ttu ‘thought’.

Some verbs have more than one stem, in which case one is formed from the other, e.g. i/su ‘(to) go’ : ike/n ‘I go’ and e/su ‘(to) come’ : ere/n ‘I come’.

Consonant weakening may affect secondary verbs stems, and we will see the rules in this chapter; e.g. nugi/su ‘(to) clean’ : nuki/n ’I clean‘ (consonant gradation)

Verb to be (yosu, ꓩ𖬮𖬖𐐢)

Yosu verb is the most important one in Izaki language, as it is needed to create sentences like “subject” is “copula”, or for existence sentences, such as “there is something”.

Personal Pr.

Present

Ing. equivalent

Present neg.

Simple past

Ing. equivalent

Simple past neg.

Perfect

Ing. equivalent

Perfect neg.

Future

Ing. equivalent

Future neg.

Nai

yon (ꓩ𖬮ᐢ)

I am

yonan

yoin

I was

yonain

yolen

I have been

yonalen

yoman

I will be

yonaman

Sai

yos (ꓩ𖬮ᒢ)

You are

yonas

yois

You were

yonais

yoles

You have been

yonales

yomas

You will be

yonamas

Han

yo (ꓩ𖬮)

He/She/it is

yona

yoi

He/she/it was

yonai

yole

He/she/it has been

yonale

yoma

He/she/it will be

yonama

Naiin

yonne (ꓩ𖬮ⲅ𖭑ɭ)

We are

yonanne

yoinne

We were

yonainne

yolenne

We have been

yonalenne

yomanne

We will be

yonamanne

Saiin

yosse (ꓩ𖬮𖬖𖬳ɭ)

You are

yonasse

yoisse

You were

yonaisse

yolesse

You have been

yonalesse

yomasse

You will be

yonamasse

Hannu

yohan (ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ)

They are

yonahan

yoihan

They were

yonaihan

yolehan

They have been

yonalehan

yomahan

They will be

yonamahan

As one can see, the conjugation rule is easy: -n for the first person, -s for the second, just the verb stem for the third.

For the plural pronouns, you add “-nne” for “we”, “-sse” for you (plural), and “-han” for they.

To create the negative form, just add “na” after the stem, and conjugate accordingly.

For the simple past, add the past theme “i” after the stem, for the simple past negative, add “nai”, for the perfect add "le", and for the future add "ma" (note that the negative stem "na" has the priority in closeness to the verb stem when other suffixes are added).

Example sentences

I am a man ( I - man - am): Nai suto yon (我ᛁ 男 ꓩ𖬮ᐢ)

They are doctors. (They - doctor - s - are) Hannu satsaan yohan. (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 博⸠ᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ)

There was a bird in the house. (House - in - bird - was) Futagas fuwo yoi. (舎ᒢ 鳥 ꓩ𖬮ᛁ)

For the formal form of the verb, used when talking about yourself, or in general, to people who are not your acquaintances, or in situations requiring medium formality, the suffix “ra” (𖬬) has to be added before the person ending.

Personal Pr.	Present	Present negative	Simple past	Simple past negative
Nai	yoran	yonaran	yoiran	yonairan
Sai	yoras	yonaras	yoiras	yonairas
Han	yora	yonara	yoira	yonaira
Naiin	yoranne	yonaranne	yoiranne	yonairanne
Saiin	yorasse	yonarasse	yoirasse	yonairasse
Hannu	yorahan	yonarahan	yoirahan	yonairahan

Example sentences

I am a teacher (formal): Nai hagiuppaya yoran. (我ᛁ 教𖬮𐐢𖬇𖬳者 ꓩ𖬮𖬬ᐢ)

Are you a researcher?: Kisai kenkyunsha yoraska? (貴你ᛁ 研究者 ꓩ𖬮𖬬ᒢ𖬭?)

The aspect suffixes seen so far observe the following preferential order: (stem)-na-(aspect suffix)-ra-(personal ending)-ka

Other verbs

Izaki verbs can be divided in three groups, according to their ending:

1. Ending by CV + su (Group 1) (as kadasu, nakosu, shirosu etc...)
2. Ending by VV + su (Group 2) (as moasu, eisu, jingoasu etc...)
3. Ending by consonant (n, s, l, r, k, h) + su (Group 3) (as odensu, kichoarsu, mahsu, etc...)

Present tense

Group 1

Verbs of this group always end with -asu, -esu, -isu, -osu, -usu. The vowel before “su” is always a short vowel.

Note that verbs show a phenomenon similar to that of the nouns' sonorization. In this case, the last consonant before the suffix -su, if a sonorant consonant (g, b, d, z, zh, dz, j), becomes voiceless (k, p, t, s, sh, ts, ch).

This phenomenon is called "purification" (清音化, seionkwa). See how the following verbs' stem changes accordingly (this is called "weak stem" 弱体 (zhakuche)):

• kadasu (to arrive) kada → kata-
• nugisu (to clean) nugi → nuki-
• nebusu (to cook) nebu → nepu-
• dagasu (to cut) daga → daka-
• sebusu (to finish) sebu → sepu-
• gindasu (to put) ginda → ginta-
• rigusu (to run) rigu → riku-
• wazasu (to divide) waza → wasa-

However, these kind of verbs have two kind of stem: a weak one (which sees this phenomenon) and a strong one (where the sonorant consonant does not change). In general, the weak stem is used to make the simple present, the simple past and the hypotetic tenses, while the strong stem is used to make perfect, future, situative, and participle.

	To get up	To fly	To speak	To run	To ask
Personal Pr.	Tashidosu	Nulbisu	Rihtasu	Rigusu	Kieresu
Nai	tashiton	nulbin	rihtan	rikun	kieren
Sai	tashitos	nulbis	rihtas	rikus	kieres
Han	tashito	nulbi	rihta	riku	kiere
Naiin	tashitonne	nulbinne	rihtanne	rikunne	kierenne
Saiin	tashitosse	nulbisse	rihtasse	rikusse	kieresse
Hannu	tashitohan	nulbihan	rihtahan	rikuhan	kierehan

You can notice the personal pronoun endings:

1. -n
2. -s
3. verb stem (just drop “su”, and apply the weak stem, if applicable)
4. -nne
5. -sse
6. -han

Example sentences

She speaks Izaki: Han izakii rihta. (彼 華邦語⸠ 話𖬁)

We run to our house. Naiin futakarnehe rigunne. (我ᛁ⸠ᐢ 舎ᣗ𖭑ɭ𖬨ɭ 走𖬭𖬰𐐢ⲅ𖭑ɭ)

Mr. Rihasamo asks (to her) her name. Rihasamo tana nakoriihe kierera, (高山 殿 名ᛁ⸠𖬨ɭ 尋𖬬ɭ𖬬)

Group 2

Verbs of this group always end by -asu, -esu, -isu, -osu, -usu. Before the suffix “su” there is a long vowel or two vowels. The present tense is basically the same as the group 1.

Note that these verbs only have strong stems (no consonant degradation happens)

	To drink	To hit	To rotate	To open	To start
Personal Pr.	Eisu	Seosu	Minbaesu	Muiyasu	Pwikausu
Nai	Ein	seon	minbaen	muiyan	pwikaun
Sai	Eis	seos	minbaes	muiyas	pwikaus
Han	Ei	seo	minbae	muiya	pwikau
Naiin	Einne	seonne	minbaenne	muiyanne	pwikaunne
Saiin	Eisse	seosse	minbaesse	muiyasse	pwikausse
Hannu	Eihan	seohan	minbaehan	muiyahan	pwikauhan

You can notice the personal pronoun endings:

1. -n
2. -s
3. verb stem (no suffix)
4. -nne
5. -sse
6. -han

Example sentences

Who opens the window? Naga tekaa muiyaraka? (誰 窓⸠ 開𐭘𖬮𖬬𖬭)

When do you start the game? Estin appii pwikauraska? (𖬮ɭᒢ𖬁ᛁᐢ 娯⸠ 始𖬮𐐢𖬬ᒢ𖬭)

They rotate the handle. Hannu rimeroo minbaerahan. (他ⲅ𖭑𐐢 舵⸠ 回𖬮ɭ𖬬𖬨ᐢ)

Group 3

The verbs in this group end by "-su", preceded by a consonant that usually is n, s, and sometimes h, k (rare), l, r. To conjugate this group verbs, it is necessary to check which vowel comes before the consonant, and apply the vowel transition pattern. See how the stems change in the examples

1. Last vowel before Csu a: becomes ye (eg: kichoarsu → kichoarye-)
2. Last vowel before Csu e: becomes i (remember that "si" sound becomes "shi") ()
3. Last vowel before Csu i: becomes o (eh: jīssu → jīsso-)
4. Last vowel before Csu o: becomes u (eg: lendonsu → lendonnu-)
5. Last vowel before Csu u: becomes a (eg: sonomulsu → sonomulla-)

According to the ending of the verb, each sub-type has the following last stem consonant changes:

1. -assu/essu/ossu/ussu verbs: asse/esshi/ossu/ussa + personal pronoun endings
2. -issu verbs: isshi + personal pronoun endings ¹
3. -Vnsu verbs: VnnV  + personal pronoun endings
4. -Vhsu verbs: VppV + personal pronoun endings
5. -Vlsu verbs: VllV + personal pronoun endings
6. -Vksu verbs: VkkV + personal pronoun endings ²
7. -Vrsu verbs: VryV + personal pronoun endings

* V: vowel

1: -issu verbs, such as ogissu (to complain) change their stem into "ogissa-" (ogissan, ogissas, ogissa...)

2: -ersu verbs, such as numersu (to tow) change their stem into "numerī-" (numerīn, numerīs, numerī...)

The personal pronoun endings are the same as the other types

1. -n
2. -s
3. only conjugation stem (the most intuitive way is to cut “-n” from the first person)
4. h+verb stem last vowel+n
5. h+verb stem last vowel+s
6. h+verb stem last vowel

	To push	To try	To twist	To listen	To scrub	To convince	To paint
Pers. Pr.	Jissu	Tsurahsu	Yokansu	Odensu	Tederiksu	Sonomulsu	Kichoarsu
Nai	jisshon	tsurappen	yokannen	odennin	tederikkon	sonomullan	kichoaryen
Sai	jisshos	tsurappes	yokannes	odennis	tederikkos	sonomullas	kichoaryes
Han	jissho	tsurappe	yokanne	odenni	tederikko	sonomulla	kichoarye
Naiin	jisshonne	tsurappenne	yokannenne	odenninne	tederikkonne	sonomullanne	kichoaryenne
Saiin	jisshosse	tsurappesse	yokannesse	odennisse	tederikkoisse	sonomullasse	kichoaryesse
Hannu	Jisshohan	tsurappehan	yokannehan	odennihan	tederikkohan	sonomullahan	kichoaryehan

Example sentences

She listens to the new track. Han suyon kyukuu odenni. (她 新ᐢ 曲⸠ 聴ⲅ𖭑ᛁ.)

We paint the back of the house. Naiin futagan odae kichoaryenne. (我⸠ᐢ 家ᐢ 後 塗ꓶ𖬬ⲅ𖭑ɭ.)

I change my child's diaper. Nai mitogonne hucharii puhannen. (我 子ᐢ𖭑ɭ 𖬨𐐢𖬐𖬬ᛁ⸠ 変ⲅ𖭑ɭᐢ.)

Irregular verbs

The following verbs, as they have an alternate stem, have an apparently irregular conjugation pattern:

	To go	To come	To do
Pers. Pr.	Isu	Esu	Tesu
Nai	iken	eren	teken
Sai	ikes	eres	tekes
Han	ike	ere	teke
Naiin	ikenne	erenne	tekenne
Saiin	ikesse	eresse	tekesse
Hannu	ikehan	erehan	tekehan

Negative stem

By changing part of the verb suffix, you can create the negative form of the verb.

Yosu (to be) verb: yonasu (add “na” (無, but usually written as 𖭑) between the stem and the ending). This suffix tends to be in the closest position to the verb stem (weak stem if applicable), before other aspect suffixes. However in certain context, to emphatise a particular nuance in the speech, the order can be changed.

Examples:

I sleep: Nai luman; I don't sleep: Nai lumanan - I can sleep: Nai lumadan; I can't sleep: Nai lumanadan or Nai lumadanan (the previous form is preferred)

Group 1:

Tashidosu > tashitonasu (tashitonan, tashitonas, tashitona…)

Rihtasu > Rihtanasu (rihtanan, rihtanas, rihtana...)

Rigusu > Rikunasu (rikunan, rikunas, rikuna…)

Group 2

Eisu > Einasu (einan, einas, eina…)

Seosu > Seonasu (seonan, seonas, seona…)

Muiyasu > Muiyanasu (muiyanan, muiyanas, muiyana....)

Rule: for both groups 1 and 2 verbs, to create the negative stem, just add “na” before the -su ending, and conjugate the new verb as a group 1 verb.

Group 3

Jissu > Jisanasu (jisanan, jisanas, jisana…)

Tehossu > Tehosanasu (tehosanan, tehosanas, tehosana)

Tsurahsu> Tsurahnasu (tsurahnan, tsurahnas, tsurahna...)

Muppuhsu> Muppuhnasu (muppuhnan, muppuhnas, muppuhna…)

Yokansu > Yokannasu (yokannan, yokannas, yokanna...)

Chozinsu > Chozinnasu (choziwanan, choziwanas, choziwana…)

Tederiksu > Tederīnasu (tederīnan, tederīnas, tederīna…)

Bakkomaksu > Bakkomānasu (bakkomānan, bakkomānas, bakkomāna…)

Sonomulsu > Sonomūnasu (sonomūnan, sonomūnas, sonomūna…)

Nyukilsu > Nyukīnasu (nyukīnan, nyukīnas, nyukīna…)

Kichoarsu > Kichoānasu (kichoānan, kichoānas, kichoāna...)

Otarsu > Otānasu (otānan, otānas, otāna…)

See here the rule in detail:

- ssu verbs: insert “ana” between the -s ending stem and the -su suffix. In this case, the negative infix is always “ana”, regardless of the last stem vowel

- hsu verbs: just add “na” between h and -su suffix.

- nsu verbs: just add “na” between n and -su suffix

-ksu/lsu/rsu verbs: remove k/l/r, prolong the previous vowel and add “na” before the -su suffix

Verb group		Negative particle
Group 1		na (𖭑)
Group 2		na (𖭑)
Group 3	-ssu verbs	ana (𖬮𖭑)
	- hsu verbs	na (𖭑)
	- nsu verbs	na (𖭑)
	- ksu/lsu/rsu verbs	long vowel + na (⸠𖭑)

Past tenses

Izaki Language has two main past tenses: the simple past, which is used for a single event that occurred in the past, and the perfect, used to show an action that is complete, finished, or perfected, and may have consequences in the present.

Examples:
I met him last year in Sannupuri.
Nai indawose Sannupuris hakai sakin.

She found this hat under the bench!
Han ibematsuto hyondon teanos ononisen!

Our Mom has prepared dinner.
Īmanuhe seikamanā junbi tale.

Have you been to Izaland before?
Sai Izakis tanu ileska?

Simple Past

To form the simple past tense, the verb stem undergoes a change, replacing the last vowel before the simple present personal pronoun suffix with the thematic vowel 'i'. However, there are some subrules to consider depending on the verb type. The "purification" phenomenon (weak stem) persists also in the simple past form.

• Group 1 (verbs ending in C-asu, C-esu, C-osu, C-usu): "i" replaces the last vowel before the -su termination.

examples

Meaning	Verb	Present (3rd p)	Simple Past (3rd p.)	Simple Past neg (3rd p.)
to ask	kieresu	kiere	kieri	kierina
to fall	tohpasu	tohpa	tohpi	tohpina
to look	ainosu	aino	aini	ainina
to make	ukesu	uke	uki	ukina
to exit	raisasu	raisa	raishi*	raishina
to cut	dagasu	daka	daki	dakina

note: raisasu's past theme is "raishi" since in Izaki the /si/ sound combination does not exist

Sentence examples:

She asked them where her dog was. Han tentohe kamika kierihasa.

I looked back but there was nobody. Nai odae ainin, baki nagahen yonai.

Did you cut your hair? Bisēnse dakiska?

• Group 1 (verbs ending in C-isu, C-yVsu): an "i" gets added to the previous vowel:

Meaning	Verb	Present (3rd p)	Simple Past (3rd p.)
to indicate	hashisu	hashi	hashii
to open	muiyasu	muiya	muiyai
to roll	kurisu	kuri	kurii
to decrease	menkisu	menki	menkii

Sentence examples:

They showed me the direction. Hannu pōmyennu hashiihanna.

Yanna bought a pair of new shoes. Yanna suyohan hamijuen handukaa moki.

Why didn't you sit down? Naki jokkakinasse?

• Group 2 verbs, which end in C-VVsu, undergo a substitution of the last vowel of the stem with 'ki'.

Meaning	Verb	Present (3rd p)	Simple Past (3rd p.)
to buy	moasu	moa	moki
to circondate	rakaisu	rakai	rakaki
to fear	ubeisu	ubei	ubeki
to protect	tsuruasu	tsurua	tsuruki
to live	paesu	pae	paki
to go	isu	ike	iki
to hurt	jingoasu	jingoa	jingoki

Sentence examples:

I feared of missing my train. Nai dyenshaa .

Yanna bought a pair of new shoes. Yanna suyohan hamijuen handukaa moki.

Why didn't you sit down? Naki jokkakinasse?

• Group 3

According to the ending of the verb, each sub-type has the following last stem consonant changes:

1. -assu/essu/ossu/ussu verbs: asshi/esshi/osshi/usshi + personal pronoun endings
2. -issu verbs: isshii + personal pronoun endings ¹
3. -Vnsu verbs: Vnni  + personal pronoun endings
4. -Vhsu verbs: Vppi + personal pronoun endings
5. -Vlsu verbs: Vlli + personal pronoun endings
6. -Vksu verbs: Vkki + personal pronoun endings ²
7. -Vrsu verbs: Vrii + personal pronoun endings

Meaning	Verb	Present (3rd p)	Simple Past (3rd p.)
to push	jissu	jissho	jisshi
to forgive	karansu	karanne	karanni
to become	mahsu	mappe	mappi
to wrap	keinolsu	keinollu	keinolli
to rub	tederiksu	tederikko	paki
to tow	numersu	numeri	numerii
to complain	ogissu	ogissho	ogisshi

Conjunctions

Being Izaki an agglutinative language, most of the conjunctions tend to be enclitic particles or suffixes directly attached after nouns and verbs.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect words which are the same grammatical type, e.g. words, phrases, clauses. The most common ones are and, or, but.

• Ta (𖬁) - and

I like rice and fish. Nakai konu ta miwee shintaha. (𖭑𖬭꜉ 米 𖬁 魚 好𖬨.)

• Konae (或𖭑'ɭ) - or

Do you want tea or coffee? (tea or coffee, which one do you desire?) Cha konae kofi, sone pinnaraska? (茶 或𖭑'ɭ 珈琲, 𖬖ᐤ𖭑ɭ 望𖬬ᒢ𖬭?)

• Estin (𖬮ɭᒢ𖬁ᛁᐢ) - when

When is your birthday? Oryukatose estin (yo)ka? ()

• Baki (𖬇𖬰𖬭ᛁ) - but

I can speak Izaki but I can not speak Angerish. Izakigō rihtamin baki angerigō rihtaminan. (華那語𐐞 話可𐐊 但 𐐀𐐊ꓙ𐐠𐐁𐐂𐐓語𐐞 話可無𐐊.)

• Tokkai (𖬁ᐤ𖬘𖬳'ᛁ) - although

Although she had arrived late, there was nobody. Han naronke kati tokkai, nagahen yonai. (𖬨ᐢ 晩ᐢ𖬭ɭ 着𖬁ᛁ 𖬁ᐤ𖬘𖬳'ᛁ, 誰𖬨ɭᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖭑꜉.)

Subordinating conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent clause.

• Waste (𐩬𖬮ᒢ𖬁ɭ) - because

Because there are too many people here, let's go to another place. Tochi tamatoha tasugureha waste, uren tolor iketān. (此𖬐ᛁ 人𖬨 多過𖬬ɭ𖬨 故ᒢ𖬁ɭ, 別ᐢ 所ᣗ 行𖬭ɭ𖬁⸠ᐢ.)

• Nade (𖭑𖬒𖬰ɭ) - whenever

Whenever I am in Warohan I always get a fresh pineapple juice. Nai Warohannas yon nade, estinden karusugushirū moansen¹. (𖭑꜉ 深灣𖭑ᒢ ꓩ𖬮ᐢ 𖭑𖬒𖬰ɭ, 𖬮ɭᒢ𖬁ᛁᐢ𖬒𖬰ɭᐢ 松檎汁⸠ 買ᐢ𖬖ɭᐢ.)

¹ sen: emphatic particle added after verbs with nuance of exclamation

Demonstratives

In Izaki language there are three main relationships, marked by a theme (singular / plural):

1. Close to the speaker: “to” (𖬁ᐤ) / “toi” (𖬁ᐤᛁ)
2. Close to the listener: “so” (𖬖ᐤ) / “soi” (𖬖ᐤᛁ)
3. Far from both the speaker and the listener: “cho” (𖬐ᐤ) / “choi” (𖬐ᐤᛁ)

The pronominal form (so, when a noun follows) , the demonstrative marker is followed by the suffix -na:

This is a cat. Tona shinna yo. 𖬁ᐤ𖭑 猫 ꓩ𖬮.	Sona teshiki That’s difficult. 𖬖ᐤ𖭑 難𖬭ᛁ.	That (one) is my friend. Chona teikaoni yo. 𖬐ᐤ𖭑 友𖭑ᛁ ꓩ𖬮.
These are cats Toina shinnān yohan. 𖬁ᐤᛁ𖭑 猫⸠ᐢ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ.	Those are difficult Soina teshikihan. 𖬖ᐤᛁ𖭑 難𖬭ᛁ𖬨ᐢ.	Those (ones) are my friends. Choina teikaōnni yohan. 𖬐ᐤᛁ𖭑 友⸠ⲅ𖭑ᛁ ꓩ𖬮𖬨ᐢ.

The adjectival form instead is attached at the ending of the word:

This cat is white. Shinnato chara. 猫𖬁ᐤ 白.	That pencil is mine. Enpisso naiyo yora. 鉛筆𖬖ᐤ 𖭑꜉ꓩ𖬮 ꓩ𖬮𖬬.	That friend lives in Riyatoma. Teikaocho Riyatomas paera. 友𖬐ᐤ 追庥ᒢ 住𖬬.
These cats are white. Shinnaāntoi charahan. 猫⸠ᐢ𖬁ᐤᛁ 白𖬨ᐢ.	Those pencils are mine. Enpisshisoi naiyo yorahan. 鉛筆𖬖ᐤᛁ 𖭑꜉ꓩ𖬮 ꓩ𖬮𖬬𖬨ᐢ.	Those friends live in Riyatoma. Teikaōnchoi Riyatomas paerahan. 友⸠ᐢ𖬐ᐤᛁ 追庥ᒢ 住𖬬𖬨ᐢ.

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

Izaki language has two different numeral system: the native one, and the Bai-derived one.

Legend

• Sūzhi (數字) - number
• Kundoku (訓讀) - "kun" reading (indigenous reading prior to the Bai contamination, still used in many contexts)
• Ēndoku (音讀) - "ēn" (Bai) reading (introduced in the 3rd century with the Bai characters, and main way of counting)
• Daipo - shortened form (used when making compounds and with element counters that require the kun reading)
• Byakuzhi (百字) - Ideogram (some numbers have more than one form)

Sūzhi	Kundoku	Ēndoku	Daipo	Byakuzhi
0	dzèro / janna	ryen	-	零
1	hatta	is	han-	壱/一
2	kana	ni	kan-	弐/二
3	shobe	san	sho-	参/三
4	tās	tsi	tās-	四
5	oriba	yo	ori-	五
6	tsonaha	nuku	tson-	六
7	doigi	chis	doi-	七
8	yeison	pas	yei-	八
9	taguken	ku	tak-/-taken	九
10	kiba	shū	kin-	拾/十
11	kinnan	shūis
12	kinkan	shūni
13	kinsho	shūsan
14	kintās	shūtsi
15	kinnori	shūyo
16	kintson	shūnuku
17	kindoi	shūchis
18	kinnyei	shūpas
19	kintaken	shūku
20	kankiba	nishū
30	shokiba	sanshū
40	tāskiba	tsishū
50	orikiba	yoshū
60	tsonkiba	nukushū
70	doikiba	chisshū
80	yeikiba	passhū
90	takkiba	kushū
100	rae	pyaku
532	ollaeshokibakan	yopyakusanshūni
1000	kitua	sen	kitu
8726	yeikitudoiraekankibatson	passenchispyaku-nishūnuku
10000	-	man
524.998	-	yoshūniman-passenkupyaku-kushūpas

Ordinal numbers

There are two ways of making ordinal numbers:

1. Prefix 第~ (zhei)
2. Suffix ~番 (ban, or pan if the previous number ends by consonant)

'Examples':

• 第三回 Zheisanhwi (the third time)
• １７番 Shūchispan (17th)

Object counters

To count specific object or people, special classificators have to be used together with a numbering system. Some of them prefer native Izaki numbers (shortened form) while some others prefer the Bai numerals. There is no rule, so it comes easier to rember each of them.

Main counters working with native numerals

• Animals: nau 獣/𖭑'𐐢
• Inanimate objects: gi 𖬭𖬰ᛁ
• Plants: tare 植/𖬁𖬬ɭ
• People: ri 人
• Machines: ki 機
• Books: tsul 冊/𖬑𐐢ᐡ
• Drinks and cups: chae 杯

Number	Animals	In. Obj.	People	Machine	Books	Drinks
1	hannau	hangi	hanli	hanki	hantsul	hanchae
2	kannau	kangi	kanli	kanki	kantsul	kanchae
3	shonau	shogi	shori	shoki	shotsuk	shochae
4	tāsnau	tāski	tāsli	tāski	tāhsul	tāschae
5	orinau	origi	oriri	oriki	oritsul	orichae
6	tsonnau	tsonaki	tsonari	tsonaki	tsonatsul	tsonachae
7	doinau	doiki	doiri	doiki	doitsul	doichae
8	yeinau	yeiki	yeiri	yeiki	yeitsul	yeichae
9	tannau	takki	tanli	takki	tahtsul	tacchae
10	kinnau	kinki	kinli	kinki	kintsul	kinchae
11	shūinnau	shūiski	shūisli	shūiski	shūihsul	shūischae

Main counters working with Bai numerals

• Times: hwi 回
• Floors (in a building): sūn 層
• Degrees: do 度
• Number of days: nis 日
• Flat objects: chān 張
• Cylindrical objects, trains, movies: pon 本

Number	Times	Floors	Degrees	Days	Flat objects	Cylindric objects
1	isshwi	issūn	isto	isnis	ischān	ispon
2	nihwi	nisūn	nido	ninis	nichān	nipon
3	sanhwi	sansūn	sando	sannis	sanchān	sanbon
4	tsihwi	tsisūn	tsido	tsinis	tsichān	tsipon
5	yohwi	yosūn	yodo	yonis	yochān	yopon
6	nukkwi	nukusūn	nukudo	nukunis	nukuchān	nukupon
7	chisshwi	chissūn	chisto	chisnis	chischān	chispon
8	passhwi	passūn	pasto	pasnis	paschān	paspon
9	kuhwi	kusūn	kudo	kunis	kuchān	kupon
10	shūhwi	shūsūn	shūdo	shūnis	shūchān	shūpon
11	shūisshwi	shūissūn	shūisto	shūisnis	shūischān	shūispon

Dates

Typically the order for dates is YYYY-MM-DD. Dates are formulated with the number followed by 年(nyen), 月 (wes), 日 (nis). The numeral takes the Bai reading.

• 1958年3月21日 : Senkupyakuyoshūpasnyen Sannwes Nishūisnis
• 2023年6月10日: Nisennishūsannen Nukuwes Shūnis

Days of the month

Days of the month also have an Izaki native form with the pure numerals (with some irregularities) tsofollowed by (日 / ka) until day 10 (after which, the Bay version takes over. When dates are complete (YYYY-MM-DD) the Bai reading is used, while the Izaki reading prevails when we need to mention just the day of the month in the middle of a conversation.

• 1日 hanaka
• 2日 kanaka
• 3日 shobeka
• 4日 tāska
• 5日 oryeka
• 6日 tsonahka
• 7日 doikka / doigika
• 8日 yeisonka
• 9日 takugenka / tōkenka
• 10日 kibaka

Weekdays

• Monday: 月曜日 wesshonis
• Tuesday: 火曜日 hayonis
• Wednesday: 週中日 chujunis
• Thursday: 木曜日 mukuyonis
• Friday: 金曜日 kinnyonis
• Saturday: 土曜日 toyonis
• Sunday: 日曜日 nisshonis

Months

In Izaki there are two versions to call the months: the Bai-imported one (the most used one), and the native Izaki one.

Bai Months

• January: 一月 isswes
• February: 二月 niwes
• March: 三月 sannwes
• April: 四月 tsiwes
• May: 五月 yowes
• June: 六月 nukuwes
• July: 七月 chisswes
• August: 八月 passwes
• September: 九月 kuwes
• October: 十月 shūwes
• November: 十一月 shūisswes
• December: 十二月 shūniwes

Hour

Izaki language commonly uses a 24 hours format, but in certain cases it is useful to specify "AM" or "PM", using the words 午前 (koðen) and 午後 (kokū).

The main elements to indicate the hour expressions are:

• 時 zhi - hour (when preceded by -s, gets pronounced as "tsi")
• 分 pun - minute
• 秒 myō - second
• 半 ban - half past
• 刻 koku - a quarter

Typical expressions:

What time is it? Nattsi yoraka?

It is 11 (in the morning): (Allaizhin) 11(shūit)tsi yora.

It is 5:36 pm: Kokū 5(yo)zhi 36(sanshūnuu)ppun yora.

It is half past 12: 12(shūni)zhi-ban yora.

It is 3 and a quarter: 3(san)zhi ta koku yora.

It is a quarter to seven: 7(chit)tsir koku yora.

(From) when does the shop open? Inta estil muiwaraka?

It opens (from) 10:30. Se shūzhil ban muiwara.

Until what time is the library open? Nattsir toshokwan muiwattu yoraka?

The library is open until 9 pm. Toshokwan kokū kuzhir muiwattu yora.

Adjectives

Adjectives in the Izaki language are essential for describing and modifying nouns. They can be categorized into two main groups: Verbal adjectives and substantive adjectives, each with its unique usage and conjugation rules.

Verbal Adjectives

Verbal adjectives in Izaki incorporate the copula within themselves, making them self-sufficient in sentences. These adjectives have their conjugation system and typically end with the suffix "na," which is always written in askaoza script. Here are some examples:

Some adjectives and their opposites

Izaki	Ingerish	Izaki	Ingerish
tepana	good	zushina	bad
rihana	tall	sosana	short
nuskana	wide	hyakona	narrow
kakuina	small	ōdana	large
pakkuna	red
satsona	blue
asatsana	difficult	issana	easy
nahana	beautiful	egutana	ugly

When used in the predicative form, such as in sentences like "The house is big," these adjectives are placed at the end of the sentence, replacing the verb. The "na" suffix is removed, and additional suffixes, if required, can be added. For example:

• The house is big (informal speech): Futaka ōda.
• The house is big (formal speech): Futaka ōdara.

Here, it's essential to conjugate the adjective according to the number and relationship of the subject:

• I am tall: Nai rihan. (𖭑ᐟ𖭐 高ᐢ)
• You are fast: Sai jakus. (𖬖ᐟ𖭐 速ᒢ)
• Are we good? Naiha tepanneka? (𖭑ᐟ𖭐 良ﾌ𖭑ɭ𖬭)
• Those are cheap: Hannu waruhan. (𖬨ﾌ𖭑𐐢 廉𖬨ᐢ)
• The houses are big: Futakān ōdarahan. (舎։ᐢ 大𖬬𖬨ᐢ)

However, ofter in informal spoken Izaki, it is possible to conjugate the adjective into the third singular person (which means, just dropping "na") even with plural nouns.

Eg: The mountains are beautiful: Samōn naha (山։ᐢ 美)

Substantival adjectives

Substantival adjectives, on the other hand, require a verb to follow them when used in sentences. They don't incorporate the copula within themselves like verbal adjectives do. Usually, these adjectives are based on Bai compound words (so, to be read with "on" reading). Here are some examples:

Izaki	Reading	English
簡単𖭑	kantanna	easy
複雑𖭑	pukuzhasna	complicated
便利𖭑	bīnlina	convenient
不便𖭑	fubīnna	inconvenient
有名𖭑	yumeina	famous
親切𖭑	shinsesna	kind
不親切𖭑	fushinsesna	unkind
人気𖭑	zhinkina	popular
可能𖭑	kanōnna	possible
無理𖭑	murina	impossible
大事𖭑	daishina	important
些細𖭑	sasaena	unimportant
十分𖭑	shūpunna	sufficient
不足𖭑	fusokuna	insufficient

When in predicative tense, these adjectives need the verb "yosu" (to be) at their end.

Eg. Your excuses are not sufficient. Ihisoīnse fusoku yorahan (事訳։ᐢ𖬖ɭ 不足 ꓩ𖬮𖬬𖬨ᐢ)

Attributive Form

When an adjective functions as a specifier for a noun, rather than as the predicate, it takes on an attributive form. In the present tense, this is done by adding a "-n" after the adjective stem.

In the case of a plural noun, the suffix will be "-han." For example:

• A fast train: Jakun dyensha.
• A tall person: Rihan tamato.
• A beautiful scenery: Nahan pūnkei.
• A pretty expensive car: Sorei shumun zhidōnsha.
• Good boys: Tepahan sertōn.

Mastering adjectives in Izaki is crucial for effective communication and expression in this unique and beautiful language.

Understanding the differences between verbal and substantival adjectives, as well as how adverbs can modify their meanings, is essential for fluency.

Additionally, the attributive form allows for rich and descriptive expressions when specifying nouns.

Comparative and Superlative forms

Adjectives in comparative and superlative forms are used to compare and contrast the qualities or characteristics of nouns.

The comparative form of an adjective is used to compare two or more nouns, indicating which one has a higher or lower degree of the quality described by the adjective.

Examples:

• She is taller than him. Hanno hanenti rihaebe (𖬨ᐢ女 𖬨𖭑ɭᐢ𖬣𖭐 高𖬒ɭ𖬡𖬰ɭ)
• This book is more interesting than that one. Kinotso tsultsounti huunminakoube (冊𖬑ᐤ 冊𖬑ᐤ𖬒𐐢ᐢ𖬣𖭐 興味喚𐐢𖬡𖬰ɭ)

The superlative form of an adjective is used to indicate the highest or lowest degree of the quality described by the adjective within a group or among all possibilities.

Examples:

• Mount Torahashi is the tallest mountain in Izaland. Torahashisan Izakin rihajin samo yora. (斗砢跖山 華邦ᐢ 高𖬥𖬰𖭐ᐢ 山 ꓩ𖬮𖬬.)
• She is the most talented musician in the group. Hanno runomen yusainoonnajin onlakka yora (𖬨ᐢ女 団ᐢ 有才能𖭑𖬥𖬰𖭐ᐢ 音楽家 ꓩ𖬮𖬬)

Adverbs

In Izaki, adverbs play a significant role in modifying the meaning of adjectives and verbs. Here are some common adverbs in Izaki:

Adverbial Modifiers in Izaki Language

Adverbial Modifier	Izaki Term	Example Sentences
Not particularly, not too much	nehkeu (𖭑ɭᐪ𖬭ɭ𐐢)1	This camera is not so good: Kamerata nehkeu tepana. His dog is not too heavy: Tentohe nehkeu dayana.
Quite, pretty much	sorei (𖬖ᐤ𖬬ᥫ)	Sainđaul is quite expensive: Sainđaul sorei shumu. She is pretty tall: Hara shinchān sorei riha.
A little, slightly	yaki (𝖩𖬮𖬭𖭐)	This PC is a bit slow: Dyennautso yaki naro.
Really, absolutely	kelleri (𖬭ɭﾌ𖬈ɭ𖬬𖭐)	You are really beautiful: Sai kelleri nahas. We are really sorry: Nahu kelleri achaikanne.
Extremely, notably	pisānnan (非常𖭑ᐢ)	This is an extremely difficult problem: Tsona pisānnan teshikin munðai yora.

• ¹: often used with negative form