Atresia
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Kingdom Atresia Atreisië / Atrèsy (Lentian / Atresian) Capital: Oudburg
Population: 20475600 (2023) |
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Atresia (pronounced Atraisia), officially the Kingdom of Atresia ('Koninkrijk Atreisië' or 'Krönregime Atrèsy') is a country in northwestern Uletha. In the past the name has been written also as Atreisia, Atraysia or Atreysia. It is located in between Valony and Lentia, and culturally influenced by both countries.
Geography
Area: 90600 km² Population Density: 226 i/km² Population: 20475600
History
 | |
|---|---|
| History of Atresia | |
| Pre-Bond | (before 1408) |
| • Atresian Iron Age | ca. 700BCE-20BCE |
| • Romanthian Empire | 20BCE - 257 |
| • Local nobles | 257-800 |
| • Counties of Valony | 800-1408 |
| Bond | 1408-1793 |
| • Bond of Atreisië | 1408-1556 |
| • Religious Civil War | 1556-1628 |
| • Republican Bond | 1628-1793 |
| Modern Kingdom | from 1793 |
| • Vassal state of Valony | 1793-1815 |
| • Independence and Unification | 1815-1838 |
| • Kingdom of States | 1838-1919 |
| • Federate Kingdom | from 1919 |
Stone Age to Bronze Age
Archaeological evidence from the region reveals human activity dating back to the older Stone Age, with the most notable finds located in caves. These include primitive tools and occasional cave paintings.
By at least 4000 BCE, the Neolithic period saw the emergence of agriculture-based settlements, primarily south of the Aulpen. North of the Aulpen, the earliest confirmed signs of farming appear around 2300 BCE, suggesting a gradual northward spread of Neolithic practices.
The Bronze Age marks a period of increased settlement activity, particularly north of the Aulpen. Small fortified villages and burial mounds became more common, reflecting developments in metallurgy, social organization, and ritual practices. Despite these findings, much of the period remains poorly understood due to the scarcity of detailed archaeological records.
Antiquity
Iron age (700 BCE-20BCE)
The Iron Age started south of the Aulpen around 700 BCE with the onset of the Rannae culture, spreading in the major Aulpine valleys around 500 BCE. During the early Iron Age (Rannae I-III, 700-250 BCE), the Rannae mainly settled in small agricultural villages centered around a longhouse, sometimes with a small hill fort, typically existing of less then 80 people. Typically Rannae settlements are found on higher landscape positions. In the Middele Iron Age (Rannae IV, 250-150 BCE) some small hilltop towns developped, serving as centers of trade and craft. In the Late Iron Age (Rannae V-VI, 150-75 BCE) the small towns further developped and became major trading posts. Society became more structured and more specialised crafts appeared. The influence from southern cultures increases, and long distance trade became more important. Archaeological evidence points that several contemporary cities have their origin as Rannae towns, and have probably been continuously inhabitated since then. Examples include Koom and Rennefort.
From 480 BCE on, the Iron age Atreba culture culture appears north of the Aulpen. Its origin remains unclear. The Atreba culture mainly centered between Augen, Oudburg and Olmstad. Archaeologists destinghuish three phases, from Atreba I to III. During Atreba I and II (480 BCE-120BCE) people lived mainly in small agricultural settlements, centered around a small fortified site. During Atreba III (120BCE-20BCE) small towns developed with defensive structures, which served as trade and craftmanship centers. Contrary to the Raenna, settlements are often located at lower landscape positions, using water as a defensive mean. Several moated fortresses and also artificial dweling mounds (terp) have been found, especially from the Atreba III phase. Archaeological evidence points that several contemporary cities have their origin as Atreba towns, and have probably been continuously inhabitated since then: Baar-St-Lodewijk, Oudburg, Assel, Urras.
Romanthian empire (125 BCE - 257 CE)
The region south of the Aulpen was incorporated by the Romanthian /Triadine empire around 125 BCE, as detailled in the Commentarii de bello Rannico. It was under general Marcus Carinas Longinus that the Rannae territory was incorporated as the Ranna(n) Province, with (Marca) Rannacorum, contemporary Rennefort, as capital.
Around the same time, the Triadine empire also conquered Lentia, but there is little evidence of Triadine presence in northern Atresia from that period. In 47 BCE a Romanthian campaign crossed the Aulps. A Romanthian fort and trading post was established, but again abandonned in 44 BCE. In 20 BCE Gaius Claudius Primus crossed the Aulps with three legions. Through politics he managed to win over most of the Atreban tribes without much fighting. His memories describe how he besieged and plundered three cities, and won a battle in the great marshes along the coast of the Calm Northern Sea. Soon most of northwestern Atresia was part of the Romanthian empire as the Atresan Province. Most Atresan tribes assimilated very swiftly in the Roman empire. Colonia Ascellum, contemporary Assel, was formally established as capital of the Province is 12 BCE.
During the Romanthian Empire. An important agriculture and trading economy emerged. Main cities were Assel (Colonia Ascellum), Oudburg (Colonia Augusta Opulentia), Spitten (Castra Caesar Spitelisa), Baar-St-Lodewijk (Castra Barinum). Major trading routes in the Aulpen emerged: a western one over the Starnemeer and Beren. Beren emerged as a trading city somewhere near 50 CE, called Castrum Ciletae. A more eastern route went over Aulpstad. Along this route Sint Florent on the Ustermeer was the major trading center.
North and east of the Baar river remained, according to Romanthian sources, a savage country of wild tribes which lived in small agricultural settlements. Their refered to them as the Brenaci tribes, and were described as the savage relatives of the Atreban tribes. Archaeological evidence shows important trade relationships with the Romanthian empire, and also several fortified cities, including contemporary Hertogsbad and Mesensteen.
In the fourth century, Christic missionaries from the Empire and central Uletha came to Atresia and Lentia, leading to the Christicisation of the land. Many temples were converted to chruches and chapels.
Medieval Period (457-1408)
In the early fifth century, Romanthish control weakened north of the Aulpen. In 425 CE, Baldvinus I, praefectus of the Atresan Province, declared himself king, marking the formal end of Roman administration in the region. The newly formed kingdom proved unstable and collapsed into chaos following Baldvinus’s death, likely in 443 CE. This ushered in a prolonged period without central authority, during which the area fragmented into small counties, duchies, and prince-bishoprics.
South of the Aulpen, the decline of Romanthian control was more gradual, with central authority fading by the late 5th century. By around 500 CE the region had fragmented into several small counties, kingdoms, and duchies. Among the most prominent were the Bouron Duchy and the Duchy of Koom. The Duchy of Koom, in particular, held territory far beyond its later borders before disintegrating in the late 7th century.
In the centuries following the fall of Romanthian control, the region was marked by strong decentralization, with no single county or duchy able to dominate. From around 700 CE, the influence of the Kalmic Empire grew, especially in western cities like Spitten and Halmyde. However, no territory remained a stable part of the empire for long. Spitten, for example, was part of the Kalmic Empire during three separate periods: 720–835, 890–941, and 1080–1401.
Amid this power vacuum, the Church expanded its influence. Numerous abbeys were founded, leading to the rise of ecclesiastical states. These abbeys played a key role in developing remote areas such as Ezen-Friede and the eastern interior around Waache and Palade. They also contributed significantly to an agricultural revolution beginning around 1100 CE, introducing the three-field system and improved fertilization, which boosted productivity.
This agricultural growth supported urban expansion and economic development, especially after 1250. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, increasing economic specialization revived trade. Major annual fairs were organized in several cities, forming the backbone of a flourishing trade network. Commercial treaties — often seen as forerunners of the Bond — were signed, the most prominent being the Assel Trade League.
As maritime trade gained importance, port cities expanded rapidly. Around 1300, Assel lost its status as the region’s largest northern city to Oudburg. South of the Aulpen, cities like Rennefort and Clairfenne thrived due to their strategic river locations.
The Middle Ages played a key role in shaping the cultural identity of the region. Romanthish was never the dominant language in Atresia and, by this time, remained in use only within the Church. Despite political fragmentation, Atresia was culturally closely tied to Lentia, and a shared language—Lentic—gradually developed north of the Aulpen.
In the eastern territories, Brenacic languages remained in use for centuries, but began to disappear after 1200 CE as trade networks increasingly came under the influence of Lentic-speaking merchants. South of the Aulpen, a related language known as Valonian Atresian emerged, shaped heavily by contact with the Valonian language.
Culturally, the southern cities of Rennefort and Clairfenne maintained strong ties with Vallony, while the southern Aulpen valleys and the Duchy of Koom developed a distinct regional identity of their own.
Bond (1408-1793)
Bond of Atreisië (1408-1556)
On July 1, 1408, several territories signed the Charter of Spitten, effectively creating a loose confederation. By 1412, this alliance formalized under the name Bond of Atreisië and established a governing assembly known as the Staten General, which initially met twice a year. The formation of the Bond was driven by increasing political pressure from neighboring powers, as well as a growing need to strengthen military cooperation and secure vital trade routes.
In 1465, the Treaty of the Bond formalized the powers and structure of the Staten General, increasing its authority and scheduling bi-monthly meetings. The Bond of Atresia did not have one central head of state, but a yearly rotating role between the heads of states of the Bond members.
Over the next centuries the Bond gradually expanded, with first Assel joining (1423), followed by many other northern territories before 1500. The Charters of Koom (1490) and Clairfenne (1521) saw a major expansion to the south.
While the Bond of Atreisië brought increased political and economic stability, territorial boundaries continued to shift frequently. These changes were often the result of minor conflicts, land purchases, or dynastic marriages between noble families.
One of the Bond’s most significant long-term impacts was the consolidation of secular power. As regional rulers gained influence, the Church gradually lost both authority and status, marking a shift in the balance of power across the member territories
Atresian Civil War or Reformation War (1556-1628)
The Atresian Civil War, also known as Reformation War, was a religious, social and political conflict, fought over a period of 72 years. The war spanned 72 years, though there were extended periods of relative stability within this timeframe. While religious conflicts initially triggered the war, the primary drivers were social tensions and political struggles among ruling powers, including noble families, the clergy, and merchant and craft guilds. The advent of the printing press and the rapid spread of information it enabled played a crucial role in fueling propaganda, which significantly contributed to the war’s escalation. The civil war marked a bloody and turbulent chapter in Atresian history, with significant economic disruption. Yet, it ultimately led to a major consolidation of central authority, formalized through the Peace of Gratianen (1621) and the Peace of Usters (1628). One of the most lasting outcomes was the decline of the feudal system and the rise of merchants and guilds as dominant powers within the cities. Oudburg emerged as the clear political, cultural, and economic center of the region. The conflict also paved the way for the institutionalization of religious freedom and the expansion of civil rights, setting the foundation for a more unified and modern Atresia.
Events of the civil war
From the 1540s, several popular preachers advocated for church reform. In Atresia, the most influential were Jeronimus Hermitszoon and Willem Porfijn, alongside foreign influences. Under pressure from the Pope, the Staten Generaal of the Bond banned Porfijn's teachings in June 1554. A sermon by Porfijn in Baar on June 5 or 6, 1556, directly triggered the Beeldenstorm — a wave of violence in which reformists, mainly Porfijn's followers (Porfinites), attacked, looted, and often burned churches. It spread over most of the Bond between June and October 1556. In response, Papists formed militias to protect churches and monasteries, with support from the old noble families. Many rural rulers used this chaotic period to settle their own disputes, aligning themselves with either the Papists or Reformists, depending on which side offered the most advantage. This opportunistic behavior further fueled the conflict, blending personal rivalries with the larger religious and political struggles of the time.
In the summer of 1556, merchants and craftsmen in Oudburg saw an opportunity to break free from the control of the nobility. The city revolted and on September 7, the Reformed Republic of Oudburg was declared. Backed by a strong city militia and the financial resources of the merchants, Oudburg quickly became a dominant power within the Federation. The Oudburg rebellion sparked a wave of urban revolts across many other cities, both large and small. By the end of 1556, civil war had spread widely throughout Atresia, plunging the region into a prolonged period of unrest and internal conflict.
Between 1556 and 1578, the various factions raised armies in an attempt to seize control, but shifting alliances and rivalries prevented any single group from gaining dominance. During these turbulent early years, several cities—including Spiedam, Ravensteen, and Halmyde—were besieged and looted.
Between 1560 and 1582, the Reformist faction held the upper hand, but the balance of power shifted when the eastern states of Cammen, Lommen, and Palade formed an alliance with the Papist territories. This alliance reignited the conflict, and from 1582 to 1587, the Papists gained momentum—often aided by local nobles switching sides.
In 1587, however, a major Reformist uprising in the Aulpen led to the bloody execution of many nobles, dramatically weakening Papist control. As a result, the Reformists were able to regain large swaths of territory between 1587 and 1593. While local conflicts kept emerging, the period between 1593 and 1600 was relatively calm.
A major outcome of the civil conflict was the split of the Bond of Atreisië into a Papist and a Reformed faction. Although the Staten General continued to meet jointly until 1560, no unified sessions were held between 1560 and 1600. During this period, both the Papist and Reformed territories organized their own separate Staten General, reflecting the deepening political and religious divide within the region.
Fear of foreign intervention led to renewed efforts at unity, and in 1600, the Staten General was once again convened as a joint assembly. A new wave of Reformist violence erupted in 1604, prompting merchants in key cities such as Spiedam and Oudburg to view the increasing instability as a direct threat to their economic interests. In 1605, these merchants organized uprisings and successfully expelled the Reformists from both cities. The loss of Spiedam and Oudburg was a significant blow to the Reformist cause. Oudburg was soon brought back under the control of the former burggrave family, with Arnulf the Impatient installed as the new burggrave. This marked a shift in the balance of power, as the influence of merchants and local nobility grew at the expense of the Reformist faction.
Arnulf the Impatient played a key role in the Peace of Baar in 1608, which established religious freedom across Atresia. However, under pressure from the Pope, the Papal factions renounced the peace in 1612, reigniting the conflict and leading to the emergence of three factions: the Reformists, the Papists, and the Merchant Militia, led by Oudburg.
In the following years, the Merchants gained the upper hand, capturing most coastal cities and trade routes through the Aulpen. In 1618, the Pope sent a mercenary force to support the Papist cause. Arnulf, recognizing the shifting tides, allied with the Papal troops and was crowned King Arnulf I by the Pope on September 7, 1617. Arnulf’s leadership allowed him to reclaim significant territories by the spring of 1619. However, in an unexpected turn of events, the Papal forces were defeated at the Siege of Assel in July 1619, with Arnulf dying in battle on July 9. His death plunged the region into a period of chaos, during which the Papists lost significant territory, and the balance of power shifted once again.
In June 1621, under the leadership of Oudburg, then controlled by the Merchant faction, the Staten General was convened again after a three-year hiatus. This renewed assembly led to negotiations between the warring factions and ultimately resulted in the Peace of Gratianen, signed in October 1621. The treaty marked a significant step toward stabilizing Atresia after years of religious and political conflict.
Several Aulpen states, along with Renne and Bouron, refused to sign the Peace of Gratianen in 1621, leading to continued instability—particularly in the Aulpen region—between 1621 and 1628. However, the renewed Bond, backed by superior political, military, and economic strength, gradually regained control. The conflict ultimately came to an end with the Peace of Usters in 1628, bringing a lasting resolution to decades of civil unrest.
Republic and colonies (1621-1793)
As outlined in the Peace of Gratianen, the Bond of Atreisië was restructured as a republic, with a broad Staten General electing a leader every five years—the Staatshouder-Prince. This marked a significant shift from earlier governance structures. Before 1408, the Staten General had one or two representatives per Bondland, with weighted voting power based on the strength of each territory. After 1621, the body evolved into a quasi-parliament, with representation based on estimated population per Bondland. In the following decades, the number of delegates in the Staten General ranged between 350 and 383. Each territory retained its own method of appointing delegates, but in most, they were appointed as representatives of the four estates: the nobility, the clergy (in Papal regions), the guilds (including merchants), and (land)laborers. While the nobility retained a disproportionate share of influence, the guilds also secured a substantial number of seats.
The establishment of the republic marked an important revival of economic activity. Between 1650 and 1750, Atresia experienced a Golden Age, characterized by rising agricultural production, renewed trade networks, and the flourishing of yearly markets. Notably, the September Market of Oudburg and the Red Market in Koom (held in October) were considered among the premier trade events in all of Uletha.
Although Atresia remained officially neutral during the Lentian War of Independence, many merchant guilds provided financial support to Lentia. Economic growth during this period also spurred the development of a banking sector, while shipbuilders from Oudburg and Augen produced vessels that served the entire Hetzer region, cementing Atresia’s role as a key economic player.
Unlike many other Ulethan states, Atresia never established overseas colonies. However, Atresian merchants—especially from Oudburg, Spitten, and Spiedam—built a global network of trading posts. These efforts were often met with resistance, as competing empires frequently restricted Atresian trade or shut down their outposts. Nevertheless, this expanding trade network significantly boosted Atresian commerce, particularly during the Golden Age between 1650 and 1750.
As a result, Oudburg developed into a major global port, while Spiedam, Spitten, Halmyde, and Augen also rose to prominence as important maritime hubs. Atresia maintained a special relationship with Fayaan, partly due to the fact that many colonists embarking from Lentia were actually of Atresian origin. From around 1700 onward, this connection fostered intense trade relations between the two regions.
Revolutionionary republic (1793-1815)
Introduction
From 1750 onward, Atresia faced economic decline due to increasing international competition and social unrest. This led to the first, failed revolution in 1789, but revolutionaries eventually seized power in 1793. This marked the beginning of the Terror, which culminated in the bloody Red Terror—a period of mass executions of clergy and nobility, the burning of churches and castles, and internal rivalry among revolutionaries. During the Revolutionary Republic, Atresia was embroiled in foreign conflicts, participating in the Coalition Wars. In 1815, a coalition of nobility and liberals restored the Bond following the Restoration War.
The consequences were significant: the feudal system was definitively abolished, and despite the Restoration, the power of the clergy and nobility was permanently broken. Human rights emerged, and the legal system was modernized. During the Revolutionary Republic, experiments with democratic systems took place, and although these were curtailed after the Restoration, it marked the beginning of democratization. Initially, this process took place locally, but eventually, it extended to the entire Bond.
Economically, the Terror and the subsequent foreign wars were costly, leading to severe impoverishment of the population. The strain of ongoing conflicts left the country economically weakened and many people struggling with poverty.
Events
Tensions boiled over with a famine in 1789, triggering anti-noble and anti-clerical uprisings in several cities. Though suppressed by federal forces, the revolts led to the destruction of many churches, abbeys, and castles. Prominent liberal leaders, such as Emmanuel Robbenjager, Niels Koopmans, and Johannes Papen, fled to Valony.
In May 1793, a Valon-backed revolutionary army led by the exiled leaders invaded Atresia, capturing most of the country. The federal government retreated to the Aulpen stronghold of Beren, but resistance crumbled. On July 17, 1793, a triumvirate of Koopmans, Papen, and Karel Bouchez declared the Revolutionary Republic of Atresia. A failed liberal coup on August 26, 1793 allowed Papen and the left-revolutionaries to seize full control, with Papen becoming the first president of the Revolutionary Republic.
After the 1793 coup, a period known as 'the Terror' unfolded, marked by political and social purges. Initially targeting liberals, many fled abroad, but internal strife soon emerged among left-revolutionary factions. Key groups included the Puriteinen led by Johannes Papen, the Boeren Faction led by Johannes Keirels, and the Christian-Revolutionary Faction led by Michiel Maermens. In 1795, the more moderate Willemieten emerged, led by Willem Koenen. On February 2, 1794, Papen was ousted and executed. Michiel Maermens briefly became president but fled in November 1794. By January 1795, Dirk Kelder of the Puriteinen took power. A brutal Red Terror ensued from March to May 1795, with over 8,000 executions and the near destruction of the nobility. The Willemieten, allied with the Boeren Faction, staged a coup on September 11, 1795, overthrowing Kelder. Willem Koenen became president on September 15, 1795. By February 1796, the terror finally ended, though localized purges continued.
First Constitutional Monarchy (1815-1929)
| Period | Name | Marriages | Birth and death | Succession right |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1815-1838 | Boudewijn I | Queen Louise | 18 June 1785 (Beren)
7 March 1838 (Oudburg) |
Appointed by the Staten Generaal |
| 1838 | Boudewijn II | Queen Esmée (1831-1848)
Maria-Louisa (1848-1867) |
7 July 1810 (Beren)
18 May 1867 (Beren) |
Son of Boudewijn I |
| 1838-1877 | Karel I | Queen Astrid (1840-1877) | 4 January 1819 (Oudburg)
7 December 1877 (Oudburg) |
Son of Boudewijn I, appointed by the Staten Generaal |
| 1877-1896 | Willem I | Queen Charlotte (1863-1896) | 23 September 1842 (Oudburg)
14 January 1896 (Aulpstad) |
Son of Karel I |
| 1896-1940 | Boudewijn III | Queen Josephine (1889-1940) | 6 August 1866 (Oudburg)
27 April 1940 (Beren) |
Son of Willem I |
| 1940-1950 | Willem II | Queen Mathilda (1911-1945)
Queen Lilian (1947-1967) |
5 May 1893 (Beren)
8 July 1967 (Oudburg) |
Son of Boudewijn III |
Following the successful restoration, the Bond was formally reinstated on July 17, 1815, and transformed into a monarchy, the first since Baldvinus I. The Count of Beren, who enjoyed significant internal and international support, was crowned King Boudewijn I on August 2, 1815. Between 1815 and 1838, he ruled Atresia authoritatively, permitting few constitutional reforms and gradually curtailing the powers of the member states. In collaboration with private investors, he led the significant development of several mining regions, which sparked the Industrial Revolution in Atresia around 1825. This period saw a rapid increase in prosperity, especially among the restored nobility and influential merchants.
Constitutional Monarchy 1838-1885
King Boudewijn I died on March 7, 1838, in a hunting accident, leading to an uncertain succession as his son Boudewijn II lacked strong leadership. The Staten General convened on March 15 and rejected hereditary succession. Despite this, the Archbishop of Oudburg crowned Boudewijn II on March 19, but his lack of military support led to his abdication on March 26. His brother Karel, a 19-year-old officer with military backing, became the new king. Politically inexperienced, he made significant concessions to the Staten General, resulting in a new constitution that limited royal power and established a parliamentary government. On May 1, 1838, Karel I was crowned, and Atresia became a liberal constitutional monarchy.
Industrialization began in 1825, accelerating in the 1840s and 1850s, particularly in the west with mining, steel, and textiles around Urras, Oudburg, and Assel. By 1865, the Aulps valleys also industrialized, utilizing water power for sawmills, quarries, and some mines. The chemical industry grew from 1870, especially in Oudburg and Zoutburg, while Spiedam developed a glass industry.
Transport revolutionized with new railways, canals, and roads. This industrial boom brought prosperity to a few, but urban workers faced poor conditions and low wages. Despite democracy, universal suffrage was absent, limiting the working class’s power. The military and churches, focused on maintaining order, held significant influence.
The 1851 'Mancier Law', named after Erik Mancier, established strict banking secrecy and, combined with a neutrality policy and liberal governance, spurred significant banking sector growth from 1855, especially in Beren and Aulpstad. While cities thrived, much of the countryside remained focused on agriculture and forestry, with limited industrialization. Famines, such as those in 1830-31, 1838, 1847, 1855, 1872-74, and 1890, caused hardship, leading to migration to the New World. Internationally, Atresia positioned itself as a liberal trading partner, maintaining a strong neutrality policy. Mercenary practices were banned in 1854 to uphold this stance.
Rise of socialism 1885-1910
In the mid-19th century, the Christian movement led the workers' movement, while socialist groups were suppressed. However, international influence led to the formation of the first socialist workers' association, the 'Brotherhood of Weavers' in 1881. This was followed by the establishment of the 'Onderlingen Broederschap Mutualiteit' in 1883 and the first socialist newspaper in 1885. These developments spurred the growth of socialism, and in 1887, Edward Otters founded the 'Socialist Workers Party of Oudburg' (SAPO), which later merged into the 'Atresian Workers' Party' (AAP) in 1892. By 1895, the movement had created a network of social organizations and secured its first parliamentary seat.
Meanwhile, the Christian workers' pillar became more organized, though it played a limited role compared to the socialists. In 1897, the United Socialist Workers' Congress demanded reforms like universal suffrage and the abolition of child labor. Strikes for better conditions increased, with the 1897 strike being brutally suppressed. In 1900, the socialist movement faced violent repression during a wave of strikes and a brief communist occupation of ports, leading to the passage of a universal plural voting law.
In the 1904 elections, despite gains by socialist and communist parties, conservatives held power due to the voting system. Growing social unrest led to large strikes in 1908 and violent uprisings in 1909, resulting in over 2,400 deaths. In 1910, parliament passed reforms, including reducing the king’s powers, improving workers' rights, and establishing universal suffrage for both men and women, leading to a more democratic society in Oudburg.
Democratic constitutional monarchy 1910-1929
The political landscape of Atresia was highly unstable between 1910 and 1929. In the 1910 elections, communists and socialists dominated cities, while conservatives controlled rural areas. The grand coalition government of socialists, liberals, and conservatives collapsed after a year, leading to further instability.
Between 1911 and 1929, Atresia experienced a series of unstable governments, with significant conflicts between the popular communist party and other factions. By 1918, the economy, particularly the industrial sector, declined due to social unrest, rising wages, and trade restrictions, though the banking sector continued to thrive.
In 1912, the nationalist fascist party Atreïsische Nationale Partij (ANP) was founded. Gaining popularity post-1920 due to street violence and political chaos, the ANP, led by Erik Jagers from 1921, became a powerful force with military support.
Moderne Staat Fascism 1929-1950
In late 1929, the Communist Party was banned, signaling a significant political shift. Early in 1930, the Conservative Party withdrew its support for the government, leading to the call for new elections. In response to the ensuing political instability, the military staged a coup on March 7, 1930. Erik Jagers was appointed as the new Prime Minister. Following the coup, the parliament was dissolved, and all other political parties were outlawed, consolidating power under the new regime, often refered to as 'Moderne Staat'.
Under Erik Jagers' leadership, significant economic reforms were implemented, particularly in the industrial sectors. Major state-owned enterprises were privatized, while labor unions were banned and social protections were significantly reduced. The economy opened up to international markets, yet certain strategic sectors, such as rail transport, energy production, and key mining operations, were nationalized and rationalized.
The agricultural sector also underwent profound changes. Where there had been numerous small, family-owned farms up until the 1920s, these farms were consolidated into larger, more professional operations. Mechanization, which accelerated after 1940, improved agricultural knowledge and methods, and an active role by the government led to a substantial increase in productivity.
The government heavily invested in modernizing infrastructure. Ports were upgraded, new airports were constructed, and the first motorways opened in 1938. The liberal approach to the service sector, including banking, continued, fostering significant growth in banks and insurance companies.
While initially, there was a degree of tolerance for political activities by other parties, the regime became increasingly repressive from 1935 onwards. Hundreds of political opponents were arrested, and it is estimated that around 1,250 political adversaries were executed during the period known as the 'Moderne Staat'.
Decline of the Moderne Staat (1945-1950)
The Moderne Staat experienced a significant decline in popularity after 1945, alongside the weakening influence of the ANP. This shift was driven by the rise of pro-democracy movements, which gained momentum due to a growing number of highly educated individuals advocating for reform. In working-class communities, clandestine labor unions began to reemerge, fostering resistance against the established order.
Additionally, young conscripts increasingly opposed the oppressive measures imposed by the Moderne Staat on its own citizens. Tensions reached a breaking point on March 7, 1950, when Erik Jagers, was shot and gravely injured by a young socialist. His incapacitation created a leadership vacuum that further destabilized the regime.
Recognizing the shifting tide, King Willem II defied the ANP by calling for elections to establish a new Staten Generaal. However, this decision provoked a coup attempt. On March 28, ANP-loyal forces, led by General Kriekemans, occupied the royal palace and detained the king. The situation rapidly escalated as large segments of the military, particularly younger conscripts, turned against Kriekemans.
Mass protests erupted on April 5 and 6, culminating in widespread unrest that forced Kriekemans to flee the capital, Oudburg. His attempt to escape to Augen ended in a fatal firefight, leaving the ANP in disarray. The Moderne Staat’s collapse was cemented with the organization of new elections on May 17. By June 1, a newly elected Staten Generaal was convened, signaling the definitive end of the ANP's dominance and marking a new chapter in the nation's political history.
Despite medical efforts, Jagers succumbed to his injuries months later in Oudburg, passing away on August 25, 1950.
Democratic restoration - Third Republic 1950-1987
In August 1950, the newly appointed Staten Generaal enacted a new constitution that abolished the monarchy and transformed Atreisië into a republic. This marked the beginning of what is often referred to as the Third Republic.
The constitutional reforms were a direct response to the political upheaval and societal demands for a more democratic governance structure. By removing the monarchy, the Third Republic aimed to establish a system based on the principles of representation and the separation of powers, distancing itself from the authoritarian tendencies of the Moderne Staat.
The Third Republic symbolized a new era for Atreisië, marked by political reorganization and an emphasis on civil liberties. This period became a foundational chapter in the nation's modern democratic identity.
Second Constitutional Monarchy (1987-)
Environment
Physical Geography
Atresia, a captivating land, is defined by the Aulpen mountain range at its heart. These majestic mountains, forming the central backbone with a general east-west direction, interlink with adjacent ranges in neighboring territories. Comprising central massifs surrounded by fouthill massifs, the Aulpen dominates the landscape.
To the north of the Aulpen, a diverse expanse unfolds—eroded low mountain chains, expansive plateaus, and sedimentary basins characterize this region. At the northernmost edge lies the Neeve River, carving through its sedimentary basin, offering a blend of rugged terrain and serene plains, enhancing Atresia's scenic allure.
Stretching along the northwest coast are the eastern extensions of the Morcanol Bay. This coastal belt encompasses a mosaic of coastal marshlands, dominated by sandy beaches.
To the south of the Aulpen, a similar topographical tapestry emerges—eroded low mountain chains, undulating plateaus, and interconnected sedimentary basins form part of the larger Ijsne River basin, contributing to Atresia's diverse geographical makeup.
Geology
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Highest mountains
The Aulpen range boast many peaks with an elevation above 3000 m asl. The highest mountains are
| Name | Height | Bondsstaat | Aulpine Region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Koningskroon | 4572 | Bondsland Beren | Koningskroon Massif |
| Koninginnekroon | 4430 | Bondsland Beren | Koningskroon Massif |
| Hemelspits | 4310 | Bondsland Beren | Hemelspits Massif |
| Grote Naald | 4108 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Driespits | 4211 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Rode Doom | 4075 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Kleine Naald | 4066 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Witteberg | 4250 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Johannespiek | 3099 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Zadelhoorn | 4007 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Bielderspits | 4080 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Hectors Piek | 4029 | Witteberg Massief | |
| St Bernard Piek | 4346 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Kleine St Bernard Piek | 4092 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Oldhoorn | 4273 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Hoge Aulp | 4033 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Zonspits | 4270 | Zonspits Massief | |
| Hoogspits | 4317 | Hoogspits Massief | |
| Misthoorn | 3765 | Misthoorn Massief | |
| Windhoorn | 4292 | Windhoorn Massief |
There are some other important peaks, with less elevated heights, but a siginifcant socio-cultural importance:
| Name | Height | Bondsstaat | Aulpine Region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meidenhoorn | 2901 | ||
| Witte Tand | 3951 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Finnberg | 3510 | Witteberg Massief | |
| Misthoorn | 3765 | Misthoorn Massief |
Nature Reserves and National Parks
Atresia has five levels of protection classes for nature and landscape parks:
- nature reserves which have a varying protection level (1 to 3) but which are always small (<10 km²)
- protection class 1: biologic protection areas: areas where all human activities are prohibited, inclusing recreation
- protection class 2: national parks: focus on protecting biodiversity and natural landscapes, in some cases also human landscapes when essential to biodiversity; economic activities in general are prohibited, except for low impact activities such as hiking; only park buildings allowed; infrastructure limited to essential infrastructure
- protection class 3: regional (nature) parks: protect both natural and human landscape elements, with a focus on preserving biodiversity; economic activities are bound to permits, and include mainly traditional agriculture and traditional rural activities (including forestry)
- protection class 4: landscape parks: focus is on protecting traditional human and natural landscapes; economic activities are bound to permits, and include mainly traditional rural activities (agriculture, forestry)
Below an overview of protection class 2 and 3 are provided
Koksland National Park
Located in the northern region of the Aulpen mountain range, Koksland National Park∈⊾ features a high mountain plateau nestled between two ridges, with the ridges not significantly higher than the plateau itself. Forests dominate the lower western areas, while higher elevations boast alpine meadows, along with numerous smaller lakes and peatlands. The park offers outstanding hiking opportunities, especially for multi-day treks, allowing visitors to explore its diverse terrain. Wildlife abounds, including bears, wolves, lynxes, deer, chamois, and marmots. However, the park is renowned primarily for its unique flora and hosts a few rare fish species. Known as a habitat for breeding birds, notable species include the golden eagle, bearded vulture, snow finch, and whooper swan. Within the park's boundaries lies Bevermeren, a small tourist village functioning as an enclave.
National Park Hoge Jorra
National Park Hoge Jorra∈⊾ is part of the bigger Regionaal Natuurpark Hoge Jorra∈⊾ and protects the higher parts of the Western Jorra.
Demographics
Languages
Religion
Population Tables
| Bondsland | Area km² | Population 2023 | Density inh/km² |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grations | 2889 | 431050 | 149 |
| Bondsland | Population | Lentian % | Valonian Atresian % | Valonian % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grations | 431050 | 93.4 | 7.1 | - |
Government
 | |
|---|---|
| Government of Atresia | |
| Federate ceremonial constitutional monarchy | |
| Capital | Atreiburg |
| Head of state | |
| • Queen | Astrid I |
| • Minister-President | Philip Asselmans |
| Legislature | |
| • Upper house | Staten Generaal or Parliament |
 | |
| Judiciary | Grondwettelijk Hof |
Major political parties | |
CDP Liberalen SDP Het Midden LU Groene KP | |
| XX | |
Atresia is a federated ceremonial constitutional monarchy where power is divided between the federal government and the governments of its federation members, known as “Bondslanden.” The head of state is the king, who primarily serves a ceremonial role. The real political power resides with the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the parliament. The parliament consists of 200 members, 180 of whom are elected, while the remaining 20 are appointed by the Bondslanden.
The federal governance of Atresia is defined by its third constitution, enacted in 1950, which is largely based on the first constitution from 1838. Any amendment to the constitution requires a two-thirds majority in the parliament. Members of parliament are elected every four years using an apportionment method.
Each of the Bondslanden also has its own parliament, with terms varying between four and five years, depending on the specific Bondsland.
The constitution delineates the division of powers between the federal government and the Bondslanden:
- Federal Powers: Foreign affairs, defense, federal legislation, customs, monetary policy, postal and telecommunication services, and federal highways.
- Bondslanden Powers: Education, healthcare, police, local government, and certain fiscal authorities.
Bond members (bondslanden)
| Flag/Arms | Code | Name | Capital | GDP per capita | Population | Area (km²) | Density (inhab/km²) | Official Languages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | EF | Ezen-Friede | Ezen/Friede | ||||||
| 02 | FQ | Franquelle-Land | Franquelle | ||||||
| 03 | AC | Acher-Kust | Spiedam | ||||||
| 04 | WO | Wouder | Ravenstad | ||||||
| 05 | OU | Oudburg | Oudburg | ||||||
| 06 | KL | Klippe | |||||||
| 07 | AG | Augen | |||||||
| 08 | AL | Augsland | |||||||
| 09 | BA | Baar | |||||||
| 10 | CA | Cammen | |||||||
| 11 | MZ | Melzen | |||||||
| 12 | SA | Saelen | |||||||
| 13 | SE | Sessen | |||||||
| 14 | LO | Lommen | |||||||
| 15 | WD | Wissendalen | |||||||
| 16 | LE | Leeuwer | |||||||
| 17 | SK | Sint Katherina | |||||||
| 18 | MD | Mendelijn | |||||||
| 19 | UY | Uyle | |||||||
| 20 | JU | Jurde | |||||||
| 21 | WA | Waache | |||||||
| 22 | DU | Duysse | |||||||
| 23 | PA | Palade | |||||||
| 24 | GB | Gijsberg | |||||||
| 25 | HP | Hoog Palade | |||||||
| 26 | HI | Hilledalen | |||||||
| 27 | WT | Wouve-Tranche | |||||||
| 28 | AS | Asselland-Jorra | Assel | ||||||
| 29 | BE | Beren | Beren | ||||||
| 30 | AU | Aulpen | Aulpstad | ||||||
| 31 | EZ | Elzdal | Meidingen | ||||||
| 32 | KO | Koomer | Koom | ||||||
| 33 | KM | Koomermaark | |||||||
| 34 | GR | Grations | Gratianen | ||||||
| 35 | AR | Arasylle | |||||||
| 36 | BO | Bouron | Clairfenne | ||||||
| 37 | AK | Altenkron | |||||||
| 38 | KR | Kronland | |||||||
| 39 | TO | Torbe | |||||||
| 40 | SM | Sain Michel Abbè | Sain Michel Abbè | ||||||
| 41 | AM | Ainermaark | |||||||
| 42 | RE | Renne | Rennefort |
Regional Geography
Atresia is a country with a large diversity of cultural and natural landscapes. Below we detail on the typical properties of those landscapes:
Bondsland Beren
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The Bondland of Beren, named after the former Duchy of Beren, once a prominent seat of power, boasts its capital in the city of Beren. Positioned at the confluence of the Aar and Murge rivers, the city of Beren stands as the thriving social and economic epicenter, renowned for its plethora of monuments, inviting cityscape, esteemed university, and robust banking sector.
The State of Beren, nestled within the mountainous expanse of the "Aulpen," is characterized by its dramatic terrain and expansive valleys. Notable among these valleys are the Murge, Linten, Witte Traune, and Rook valleys, each contributing to the state's diverse landscape. Towards the eastern boundary, the state extends to encompass the Grootmeer, a glacial overdeepened mountain lake, adding to the region's natural allure. Within this stunning setting, other significant cities within the state include Wildburg, Rozenburg, and Lintenbrug, each contributing to the cultural and economic diversity of the region. Beren is celebrated for its picturesque landscapes featuring towering mountain ranges, sprawling plateaus, and iconic peaks such as Hemelspits (4310 m) and Koningskroon (4572 m), along with prominent plateaus like Wolfsplateau and Koksland. This stunning setting of Beren is also home to a rich variety of wildlife, including deer, bears, ibexes, and majestic birds like the golden eagle.
While historically reliant on mining, forestry, and agriculture, the modern economy of Beren thrives on specialized industries, particularly in leisure products (skiing, skateboarding, cycling), outdoor apparel, dairy products, luxury furniture, and a robust international banking sector. The Murge and Linten valleys serve as hubs for both population density and economic activities.
Renowned as a haven for winter sports and summer outdoor activities such as hiking, mountain biking, birdwatching, mountain climbing, and parasailing, Beren attracts outdoor enthusiasts year-round. Beren city, a hotspot for cultural tourism, draws visitors keen on exploring its historical heritage and vibrant cultural scene.
Major transport routes traverse the Murge and Linten valleys, with Beren city situated along a crucial North-South railway line, complemented by branch lines to smaller valleys and Lintenbrug. Expressways connect the Grootmeer through the Linten valley to Beren city and a second North-South expressway passing through Beren city, linking the two routes.
Historically, Beren's significance stemmed from its influential dukes, fostering a robust economy for centuries, and the famed Beren Legion —a renowned mercenary force from the pre-modern era, often engaged in significant battles.
Bondsland Jorra
Bondsland Acher-Kust
Provincie Watermark: The Watermark Province is a predominantly rural area characterized by flat terrain and numerous villages. Its primary and only city, Waterkampen, serves as the capital and largely functions as a commuter town for Spiedam. Watermark comprises low-lying regions originally formed as coastal marshlands, now repurposed for agricultural use, primarily featuring pastures with grazing cows, contributing to a thriving dairy industry producing milk and cheese. Additionally, there are scattered orchards within the area. The province boasts numerous coastal lakes, some of which have been drained, while those remaining hold significant ecological value. A network of canals and drainage channels crisscrosses the landscape. Along the coastline stretches a wide dune belt, home to a few coastal villages with limited tourism opportunities.
Bondsland Ezen-Friede
Ezen-Friede is a small territory situated on the northwest coast of Atresia. Comprising two small towns, Ezen and Friede, it historically formed the 'Princely Abbey State Ezen-Friede', established around the abbies of Ezen and Friede.The historic abbeys, founded between 945 and 970 AD, suffered devastation in 1793, leaving only ruins of the once-vibrant structures of the Ezen Abbey. Parts of Friedes grand abbey church and some buildings still endure.
The territory boasts a rural landscape dominated by meadows, forests, heathlands, and bogs. Despite its limited commercial activity, both Ezen and Friede contribute to the local economy. Agriculture, primarily dairy farming due to extensive pasturelands, is a significant sector, while fishing, particularly in Ezen, remains vital.
Notably, a substantial portion of the territory is occupied by the Witte Venen National Park, characterized by moors, heathlands, and forests.
Today, Ezen Friede faces several major challenges, including aging population, depopulation, unemployment, and poverty. Since the 1990s, there has been an ongoing consideration of integrating into the Bondsland of Acher-Kust. After a referendum in 1998, Ezen Friede delegated several powers to the Acher-Kust, including responsibilities over national infrastructure such as public works, transportation, waterways, and water policies, along with healthcare and security. However, in 2007, the proposal for incorporation into Acher-Kust narrowly missed approval. Following a subsequent referendum in 2009, additional authorities over public transportation, environmental matters and spatial planning were transferred. A new referendum is scheduled for 2025 to decide on the potential incorporation into Acher-Kust.
Franquelle Land
Franquelle, historically a Valonian-speaking duchy, has was integrated into the Bond in 1628 during the religious conflicts. Originally a stronghold of the Valonian language, Franquelle experienced a linguistic transition over the past century. While Valonian remained prevalent, Lentisch gradually gained prominence, and today, a small majority of the population identifies as Lentisch speakers. Urras remains the stronghold of Valonian speakers.
The late 19th century marked a transformative period for Franquelle, with the discovery of coal reserves in the 1850s triggering a rapid industrialization around Urras that persisted until the mid-20th century. The Urras region emerged as a hub for coal mining and metallurgical industries, sustaining its economic significance to the present day. The extraction of coal remains a vital industry, closely tied to the metallurgical sector. In the northern region, encompassing Seilles and Franquelle, a thriving small and medium-sized enterprise sector prevails. Manufacturing, food processing, and transportation activities form the backbone of the industry in this area, fostering economic diversity and resilience.
Urras, the largest city in Franquelle, stands as a symbol of industrial prowess. However, it grapples with socio-economic and environmental challenges, including high unemployment rates and the closure of traditional industries. Franquelle, the second-largest city, serves as the administrative capital and historical policymaking center. Recent decades have witnessed substantial modernization, particularly in the realm of digital service-oriented businesses. The western inland region of Franquelle boasts dense forests interspersed with picturesque villages, creating a tranquil contrast to the urban bustle.
Bondsland Wouder
Situated in the northern foothills of the Aulps, Bondland Wouder is defined by its dominant physical features: two vast glacial lakes, Starnemeer and Ziemmeer, and the expansive Murge Valley to the east. The region's landscape is characterized by those north-south oriented lakes and valley, intersected by synclinal and anticlinal folds. Land use predominantly consists of extensive forests and pasturelands, with limited cropland.
Ravenstad, the capital, functions as a suburb of Oudburg, while the historic capital is Zoutburg. The population centers around Ravenstad and in the Murge Valley, including Murgeburcht and Zoutburg, with Goudburg located to the west. The Murge Valley historically served as a vital trade route, connecting Oudburg to Beren and beyond to the south. The economy thrived on trade along this axis, with also notable salt mines near Zoutburg and gold mines near Goudburg until around 1750.
Bondsland Grations
Bondsland Grations is a largely mountainous region, located around the valleys of the Liene, Gratianer, Ohrer, and Lober rivers and their respective side valleys. The landscape is characterized by its dramatic peaks and extensive forests, with river valleys providing fertile grounds for agriculture and settlement.
The total population of Bondsland Grations is approximately 431,000, with about 231,000 residents (around 53.6%) living in the metropolitan area of its capital, Gratianen. This city serves as the cultural, economic, and educational hub of the region.
The economy of the Gratianen metropolitan region was historically based on heavy industry, especially steel and manufacturing. In recent years, it has shifted its focus toward high-tech industries, particularly machinery manufacturing and electronics. The University of Gratianen, founded in 1982, has played a pivotal role in this economic transformation by supporting a growing knowledge economy.
Outside the metropolitan region, the economy remains predominantly rural. Agriculture, food processing, and some mining activities are essential economic contributors. Additionally, Bondsland Grations has developed a small but steady winter tourism and sports tourism sector, capitalizing on its mountainous landscape and scenic valleys.
Infrastructure
Road infrastructure
Road infrastructure is the repsonsability of the Federal, Bondsland and Municipal level.
The federal government manages highways (called A-roads), expressways (called X-roads), ringways (called R-roads) and national ways (called N-roads). Each bondsland is responsible for roads between muncipalities. Municipalities are responsible for local roads. Some roads (especially highways) are held by private consessions. Some roads have also toll, mainly bridges, tunnels and some highway stretches.
| Number | Main cities | Remarks | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Halmyde-Oudburg-Aulpstad | ||||
| A4 | Assel-Oudburg (Oost) - ... | ||||
| A8 | Beren-Oudburg- | ||||
| A10 | Connecting A1 to Lentia | ||||
| A22 | Spiedam- Direction Sonnenburg | ||||
| X1 | Oudburg Airport-Bossum-Uras | Prolongiation planned to Spiedam. | |||
| X14 | Machunne valley expressway
Katsberg-Bad |
First parts build in 2014, large stretches now under construction but final completion not expected before 2035. | |||
| X15 | Spiedam to A1 connection | ||||
| X84 | Connection X14-A8 near Kampe | Planned to be constructed 2030-2038. First preparatory works starting 2025. | R15 | Spiedam Ring |