User:TheCubic

This is my user page, welcome! :)

My country is Kaarti, in East Uletha. 439^∈⊾ƨ

Kaartian

The two alphabets of Kaartian

There are two alphabets in Kaartian. The basic one ”pá̤kiriaimet” are native letters used in fully-Kaartian words and taught first in schools. The advanced alphabet comes in handy when writing mathematics, using loanwords or transcribing names – it is common practice to transcribe languages from other languages to Kaartian, where the basic alphabet is used as much as possible, but some letters from the advanced alphabet are useful: b, d, g, v, z, š or ž. Whenever a foreign word occurs in writing, the original spelling is traditionally reserved as the main spelling, for example foreign surnames and place names. The pronunciation of the name is put next to it in square brackets using the Kaartian alphabet, especially in media and formal writing. Example:

KA: Ta̤ná̤ŋ kello 13 ohielma alká pá̤wierámme John Doe’n [džón dou] esitṳksella̤. Design-malliston [disain] súnnittelún meni 55 pa̤iwá̤ ia Doe on eritta̤in ṳlpea̤... EN: Today, at 1:00 p.m., the program begins with a presentation by our keynote guest, John Doe [pronunciation guide]. The design [pronunciation guide] collection took 55 days to create, and Doe [no pronunciation guide] is extremely proud of it...

Basic (native) alphabet, ”pá̤kiriaimet”

Glyphs	Name	Name pronunciation
A, a	á	/ɑː/
E, e	é	/eː/
H, h	há	/hɑː/
I, i	í	/iː/
K, k	ká	/kɑː/
L, l	a̤l	/æl/
N, n	a̤n	/æn/
M, m	a̤m	/æm/
Ŋ, ŋ	a̤ŋ	/æŋ/
O, o	ó	/oː/
P, p	pé	/peː/
R, r	a̤r	/ær/
S, s	a̤s	/æs/
T, t	té	/teː/
U, u	u	/uː/
W, w	wé	/ʋeː/
Ṳ, ṳ	ṳ́	/yː/
A̤, a̤	á̤	/æː/
O̤, o̤	ó̤	/øː/

Advanced alphabet, ”erikoiskiriaimet”

Glyphs	Name	Name pronunciation	Notes
B, b	bé	/beː/	common in loanwords, name transcriptions
C, c	tsé	/t͡seː/	almost always replaced with k or s
D, d	dé	/deː/	common in loanwords, name transcriptions
F, f	a̤f	/æf/	almost always replaced with v
G, g	gé	/ɡeː/	somewhat common in loanwords, name transcriptions
J, j	î	/jiː/	usually replaced with i or î
Q, q	kú	/kuː/	usually replaced with k (or qu with kv)
V, v	vé	/feː/	common in loanwords, name transcriptions
X, x	a̤ks	/æks/	mainly in mathematics
Y, y	ipsilóni	/ˈip.si.loː.ni/	mainly in mathematics
Z, z	zé	/zeː/	mainly in mathematics and name transcriptions
Š, š	šé	/ʃeː/	rare; mainly in name transcriptions
Ž, ž	žé	/ʒeː/	rare; mainly in name transcriptions

Diacritics

The most used diacritics in Kaartian are the acute ◌́ and the umlaut ◌̤, which is located below (contrary to other languages where the umlaut is on top). Kaartian has a varied collection of umlauts to support the transcription of names, and to make pronunciation even more clear. Diacritics can be combined such as ◌̤ + ◌́ → ◌̤́ or ◌́ + ◌̀ → ◌̂ or ◌́ + ◌̈ → ◌̃. There are some limitations, such as ◌́ + ◌̀ + ◌̃ not being really possible, yet such cases are very rare and thus don’t really matter, as no Kaartian words include a ◌̀ grave. The caron is added to only š and ž and is not considered a diacritic by most people. The rarest diacritic is the tilde ◌̃, which is only used when ◌́ long + ◌̈ separated is needed, for example the partitive forms of the loanword niá [njɑː] and another loan word niã [niɑː].

Before a vowel, i is often pronounced [j] such as in ies [ˈje̞s̠] “yay!” and when not, it is separated by diaeresis: iës [ˈie̞̯s̠] “yoke”. In the word mies [ˈmie̞̯s̠] there is no diaeresis, because there being a consonant in front of it prevents the [i] from turning into a [j]. The distinction is the clearest between these two words: Maria [ˈmɑ̝rjɑ̝] “berry (noun, name)” and Mariä [ˈmɑ̝riɑ̝] “Mary (name)”. The diaeresis is rare, as it is often clear if the letter i is pronounced [i] or [j].

All diacritics have a name in Kaartian:

Symbol	English	Kaartian
◌̤	umlaut	etinen
◌́	acute	wino
◌̀	grave	keno
◌̈	diaeresis	erotus
◌̂	circumflex	hattu
◌̌	caron	suhu
◌̃	tilde	winoerotus

Diacritics which change the sound of the vowel

	◌́ acute	◌̀ grave	◌̂ circumflex
no umlaut	long vowel	unusual vowel	long unusual vowel
◌̤ umlaut	long umlauted vowel	unusual umlauted vowel	long unusual umlauted vowel

Diacritics which change the pronunciation of a vowel group

	◌́ acute	◌̀ grave	◌̂ circumflex
no umlaut	long vowel	unusual vowel	long unusual vowel
◌̤ umlaut	long umlauted vowel	unusual umlauted vowel	long unusual umlauted vowel

Pronouns (not all)

Personal pronouns		Demonstrative pronouns
Kaartian	English	Kaartian	English
Singular		Singular
ma̤	I	tá̤	this
sa̤	you (thou)	toi	that
se (s’)	he/she/they	se (s’)	it/that
Plural		Plural
me	we	ná̤	these
te	you (all)	noi	those
ne/noi	they	ne	they/those

Be/have olla conjugation

Indicative
Present tense				Perfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤	ón	en ó		ma̤	ón ollu	en ó ollu
sa̤	ót	et ó		sa̤	ót ollu	et ó ollu
se (s’)	on	ei ó		se (s’)	on ollu	ei ó ollu
me	ollán/ómme	ei olla/emme ó		me	ollán oltu	ei olla oltu/emme ó ollu
te	ótte	ette ó		te	ótte ollét	ette ó ollét
ne/noi	on	ei ó		ne/noi	on ollét	ei ó ollét
passive	ollán	ei olla		passive	on oltu	ei ó oltu
Imperfect				Plusquamperfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤	olin	en ollu		ma̤	olin ollu	en ollu ollu
sa̤	olit	et ollu		sa̤	olit ollu	et ollu ollu
se (s’)	oli	ei ollu		se (s’)	oli ollu	ei ollu ollu
me	oltín/olimme	ei oltu/emme ollét		me	oltín oltu	ei oltu oltu
te	olitte	ette ollét		te	olitte ollét	ette ollét ollét
ne/noi	oli	ei ollu		ne/noi	oli ollét	ei ollét ollét
passive	oltín	ei oltu		passive	oli oltu	ei ollu oltu

Conditional
Present tense				Perfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤	olisin	en olis		ma̤	olisin ollu	en olis ollu
sa̤	olisit	et olis		sa̤	olisit ollu	et olis ollu
se (s’)	olis	ei olis		se (s’)	olis ollu	ei olis ollu
me	oltaisín	ei oltais		me	oltais oltu	ei oltais oltu
te	olisitte	ette olis		te	olisitte ollu	ette olis ollu
ne/noi	olis	ei olis		ne/noi	olis ollu	ei olis ollu
passive	olitaisín	ei oltais		passive	olis oltu	ei olis oltu

Imperative
Present tense				Perfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤				ma̤
sa̤	ó	a̤la̤ ó		sa̤
se (s’)	olkón*	a̤lkó̤n olko*		se (s’)	olkón ollu*	a̤lkó̤n olko ollu*
me				me
te	olká	a̤lká̤ olko		te
ne/noi	olkót*	a̤lkó̤t olko*		ne/noi	olkót ollét*	a̤lkó̤t olko ollét*
passive	olkón*	a̤lkó̤n olko*		passive	olkón oltu*	a̤lkó̤n olko oltu*

* very archaic

Do/make teha̤ conjugation

Indicative
Present tense				Perfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤	tén	en té		ma̤	ón tehnṳ	en ó tehnṳ
sa̤	tét	et té		sa̤	ót tehnṳ	et ó tehnṳ
se (s’)	teké	ei té		se (s’)	on tehnṳ	ei ó tehnṳ
me	tehá̤n	ei teha̤		me	ollán tehtṳ	ei olla tehtṳ
te	tétte	ette té		te	ótte tehnṳ	ette ó tehnṳ
ne/noi	teké	ei té		ne/noi	on tehnṳ	ei ó tehnṳ
passive	tehá̤n	ei teha̤		passive	on tehtṳ	ei ó tehtṳ
Imperfect				Plusquamperfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤	tein	en tehnṳ		ma̤	olin tehnṳ	en ollu tehnṳ
sa̤	teit	et tehnṳ		sa̤	olit tehnṳ	et ollu tehnṳ
se (s’)	teki	ei tehnṳ		se (s’)	oli tehnṳ	ei ollu tehnṳ
me	tehtín	ei tehtṳ		me	oltín tehtṳ	ei oltu tehtṳ
te	teitte	ette tehnṳ		te	olitte tehnṳ	ette ollét tehnṳ
ne/noi	teki	ei tehnṳ		ne/noi	oli tehnṳ	ei ollét tehnṳ
passive	tehtín	ei tehtṳ		passive	oli tehtṳ	ei oltu tehtṳ

Conditional
Present tense				Perfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤	tekisin	en tekis		ma̤	olisin tehnṳ	en olis tehnṳ
sa̤	tekisit	et olis tehnṳ		sa̤	olisit tehnṳ	et olis tehnṳ
se (s’)	tekis	ei tekis		se (s’)	olis tehnṳ	ei olis tehnṳ
me	tehta̤isín	ei tehta̤is		me	oltais tehtṳ	ei oltais tehtṳ
te	tekisitte	ette tekis		te	olisitte tehnṳ	ette olis tehnṳ
ne/noi	tekis	ei tekis		ne/noi	olis tehnṳ	ei ollét tehnṳ
passive	tehta̤isín	ei tehta̤is		passive	olis tehtṳ	ei oltis tehtṳ

Imperative
Present tense				Perfect
g. person	positive	negative		g. person	positive	negative
ma̤				ma̤
sa̤	té	a̤la̤ té		sa̤
se (s’)	tehkó̤n*	a̤lkó̤n tehko̤*		se (s’)	olkón tehnṳ*	a̤lkó̤n olko tehnṳ*
me				me
te	tehká̤	a̤lká̤ tehko̤		te
ne/noi	tehkó̤t*	a̤lkó̤t tehko̤*		ne/noi	olkót tehnṳ*	a̤lkó̤t olko tehnṳ*
passive	tehta̤kó̤n*	a̤lkó̤n tehta̤ko̤*		passive	olkón tehtṳ*	a̤lkó̤n olko tehtṳ*

* very archaic