User:Stjur/Romanish language

Romanish language
/'ɫĩj̃vɑ rõmɨ'j̃askɨ/ /'ɫĩj̃bɑ rõmɨ'j̃askɨ/
Estimated number of speakers	22,000,000
Regulating body	Academy of Romany Antharian Academy Academy of Sciences of Iviron Institute of Glagolit Studies
Writing System
in Antharia and Iviron: modified Romantian alphabets in Glagol: Romanish Syrillangan alphabet
Norms of linguistic structure
Noun declensions Case Gender Number
Verb conjugations Aspect Mood Number Person Tense Voice
Adjective declensions Case Gender Number

Romanish (dated Rumanish or Roumanish; autonym limba romynească ['ɫĩj̃vɑ rõmɨ'j̃askɨ]) is a Central Ulethan Romantish language, spoken by approximately 22 million people as native language, primarly in Antharia, Iviron, Glagol, Challay & St. Andrews and Montemassena, where it's the official and national language, as well as in Qennes, where it's one of the 4 official languages. Romanish is also a recognized minority languages in states which nowadays include territories formerly part of the Antharian Empire, like Brasonia, Demirhan Empire, Koutsovlakhia and Neo Delta. Another 14 million people speak Romanish as a second language.

Romanish is part of the Central Ulethan sub-branch of the Romantish languages, a linguistic group which evolved from the Garlian language, brought to the Iviran Coast by Garlian colonists in the 9th century AD (Garlian itself separated from Vulgar Romantian around 200 BC). To distinguish Romanish from other Central Ulethan Romantish languages, called Romanish languages, in comparative linguistics it is also called Antharo-Romanish. Other recognized Romanish languages include Ayvrish, Koutsovlakhian and Maldavian, which evolved from Antharo-Romanish, as well as Aromanish and Qennesan, which developed in parallel with Antharo-Romanish, being based on Garlian. Romanish is also called Glagolit in Glagol Republic.

Numerous immigrant Romanish speakers are also scattered across countries worldwide, with large populations in the Federal States, Castellan, Kalm, Gobrassanya and Pretany.

Comparison of Romanish languages

Ingerish text:

Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the Assembly of Nations for the maintenance of peace.

(The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26)

Antharo-Romanish Standards

New North Romanish (Valessan Standard, since 1976):

Oᶉ què persoană are dreptul là'nvăssătoură. Ꙟnvăssămyntul trebouie s'hie gratouid, quel poucin ꙟn quella què priveshte'nvăssămyntul elementar shì general. Ꙟnvăssămyntul elementar trebouie s'hie obligatoriou. Ꙟnvăssămyntul techniq shì professional trebouie s'hie là'ndemyna toutouror, iar ꙟnvăssămyntul souperior trebouie s'hie d'assemenea egal, accessibil toutourora, pe basă de merid. Ꙟnvăssămyntul trebouie s'ourmărească desvoltarea deplin'à personalităciȷ oumane sh'întărirea respectulouȷ fassă de dreptourile omulouȷ shì libertăcile fundamentale. El trebouie să promovese'ncellegerea, tolerança, prietenia'ntre toate popoarele shì toate groupourile rassiale saou religioasse, prequom shì desvoltarea activităciȷ Ansamblulouȷ Naciunilor pentrou mencinerea păciȷ.

Noù credeam s'ꙟnvăt à mourrì vreoudată;
Pourouᶉ tynăr, înfăshourad ꙟn manta'ᶆ,
Oquiȷ meȷ'nălçam vissătoᶉ là steaoua
Singourătăciȷ.

D'al meou propriou vis, mistouid mă vaied,
P'al meou propriou rug, mă topesq ꙟn flăcăᶉ...
Pot să maȷ ré'nviou louminos din el quà
Passărea Phoenichs?

New South Romanish (Syrancousan Standard, since 1892):

Or karya persoană are dreptlou la eksagoghye. Eksagoghya trempuye să phye gratuită, kelou putsin yntrou kela ke pribeste eksagoghya elementară xì generală. Eksagoghya elementară trempuye să phye ompligatorye. Eksagoghya teknikă xì prophessyonală trempuye să phye la yndemyna lor tots, yară eksagoghya superyoară trempuye să phye de assemenya egală, akcessimpilă lor tots, pe mpasă de meritoŭ. Eksagoghya trempuye să urmăryaskă desboltarya deplină ley personalitatya umană xì yntărirya louy respektou phatsă de drepturile louy omou xì limpertătsile phondamentale. Ea trempuye să promobese yntellegerea, tolerantsa, pryetenya yntre toate massetniyle xì toate groupurile rassyale saou religyoasse, prekoumou xì desboltarea ley aktibitatya louy Ansamplou lor Natsyun pentrou mentsinerya ley paxe.

Iviran Romanish (Transitional alphabet, Yaffa Standard, standardized 1998):

Orĭ'c̦e persoanĕ are dreptul la ꙟnvĕţĕturĕ. Ꙟnvĕţĕmѫntul trebuѥ sĕ фѥ gratuit, c̦el puţin ꙟn c̦eѣ c̦e priveşte ꙟnvĕţĕmѫntul elementar şì ģeneral. Ꙟnvĕţĕmѫntul elementar trebuѥ sĕ фѥ obligatorю. Ꙟnvĕţĕmѫntul teхnik şì proфesional trebuѥ sĕ фѥ la ꙟndemѫna tuturor, iar ꙟnvĕţĕmѫntul superior trebuѥ sĕ фѥ de asemenѣ egal, akc̦esibil tuturora, pe baзĕ de merit. Ꙟnvĕţĕmѫntul trebuѥ sĕ urmĕrѣּּּskĕ deзvoltarѣ deplinĕ a personalitĕţiĭ umane şì ꙟntĕrirѣ respektuluĭ фaţĕ de drepturile omului şì libertĕţile фundamentale. El trebuѥ sĕ promoveze ꙟnţeleģerѣ, toleranţa, prѥteniꙗ ꙟntre toate popoarele şì toate grupurile rasꙗle saoŭ reliģioase, prekum şì deзvoltarѣ aktivitĕţiĭ Organiзaţieĭ Naţюnilor Unite pentroŭ menţinerѣ pĕc̦iĭ.

Glagolit (Old Romanish alphabet, Doukas Standard, last stardadization 1803):

Ѡрй'чє пєрсѡáнъ áрє дрє́птꙋʌ ʌà ꙟ̃въцътꙋ́ръ. Ꙟ̃въцъмѫ́нтꙋʌ трє́бꙋїє съ̀ фíє гратꙋи́т, чє́ʌ пꙋци́н ꙟ̃ чє́ѣ чє̀ привє́ш̩є ꙟ̃въцъмѫ́нтꙋʌ єʌємєнтáр шѝ џєнєрáʌ. Ꙟ̃въцъмѫ́нтꙋʌ єʌємєнтáр трє́бꙋїє съ̀ фíє ѡбʌигатѡ́рю. Ꙟ̃въцъмѫ́нтꙋʌ тє́хник шѝ прѡфєсиѡнáʌ трє́бꙋїє съ̀ фíє ʌà ꙟ̃дємѫ́на тꙋтꙋрѡ́р, ѩ́р ꙟ̃въцъмѫ́нтꙋʌ сꙋпєрїѡ́р трє́бꙋїє съ̀ фíє дє̀ асє́мєнѣ єгáʌ, акчєси́биʌ тꙋтꙋрѡ́ра, пє бáзъ дє̀ мє́рит. Ꙟ̃въцъмѫ́нтꙋʌ трє́бꙋїє съ̀ ꙋрмърѣ́скъ дєзвѡʌтарѣ дєпʌи́нъ à пєрсѡнаʌитъ́цїй ꙋмáнє шѝ ꙟ̃търи́рѣ рєспє́ктꙋʌꙋй фáцъ дє̀ дрє́птꙋриʌє ѡ́мꙋʌꙋй шѝ ʌибєртъ́циʌє фꙋндамєнтáʌє. Є́ʌ трє́бꙋїє съ̀ прѡмѡвє́зє ꙟ̃цєʌє́џєрѣ, тѡʌєрáнца, прїєтєни́ѧ ꙟ̃трє тѡáтє пѡпѡáрєʌє шѝ тѡáтє грꙋ́пꙋриʌє расїѧ́ʌє сáꙋ̆ рєʌиџїѡáсє, прєкꙋ́м шѝ дєзвѡʌтáрѣ активитъ́цїй Ѡрганизáцїєй Нацю́ниʌѡр Ꙋни́тє пє́нтрꙋ мєнци́нєрѣ пъ́чїй.

Other Romanish Languages

Aromanish:

Cafi un ari-ndreptul la-nvitsãturã. Anvitsarea lipseashti s-hibã fãrã pãlteari, canai tu sculiili primari shi di calificari. Sculia primarã easti obligatorii. Educatsia tecnicã shi di calificari lipseashti s-hibã actsesibilã ti tuts unã turlii pi baza di atsea cum suntu cãdãri. Anvitsarea lipseashti s-hibã ãndreaptâ ti-mplina developari-a personalitatiljei a omlui shi-nvãrtushearea-a tinjiseariljei a-ndrepturlor a omlui shi libertãtsli fundamentali. Atsea lipseashti s-li agiutã acãchisearea, arãvdarea shi uspitsãljea anamisa di tuti miletsli, grupatsii di rasã shi pisti, ma shi activitatea-a Adunarjei Natsiunilor shi vigljearea-a irinjiljei.

Ayvrish Romanish (Tighina Standard, since 1952):

אור כי פרסונה ארי ג׳רפטו לה ינבצטורה. ינבצמינטו צ׳רבויי סה פיי גרטויט, כו פוצין ין כלה כי פריבשצ׳י ינבצמינטו ילמנטר שי ג׳נרו. ינבצמינטו ילמנטר צ׳רבויי סה פיי אובליגטוריו. ינבצמינטו צ׳הניך שי פרופסיונו צ׳רבויי סה פיי לה ינג׳מינה טוטורור, יר ינבצמינטו סופריור צ׳רבויי סה פיי ג׳י אסמניה יגו, אכססיביו טוטורורה, פי בזה ג׳י מריט. ינבצמינטו צ׳רבויי סה אורמריסכה ג׳סבולטריה ג׳פלינה ה פרסונליטציי אומני שי ינטריריה רספכטולוי פצה ג׳י ג׳רפטורילי אומולוי שי ליברטצילי פונדמנטלי. יו צ׳רבויי סה פרומובזי ינצ׳לג׳ריה, טולרנציה, פריצ׳ניה ינצ׳רי טוצ׳י פופורלי שי טוצ׳י גרופורילי רסילי סו רליג׳יוסי, פרכום שי ג׳סבולטריה אכצ׳יביטציי אנסמבלולוי נציונילור פנצ׳רו מנצינריה פשיי.

(Or khi persoana ari jreptu la ynvatsatura. Ynvatsamyntu chrevuyi sa fyi gratuit, kheu putsin yn khela khi priveshchi ynvatsamyntu ilementar shi jenerau. Ynvatsamyntu ilementar chrevuyi sa fyi ovligatoriu. Ynvatsamyntu chehnikh shi profesionau chrevuyi sa fyi la ynjemyna tuturor, yar ynvatsamyntu superior chrevuyi sa fyi ji asemenya igau, akhsesiviu tuturora, pi vaza ji merit. Ynvatsamyntu chrevuyi sa urmaryaskha jesvoltarya jeplina a personalitatsiy umani shi yntarirya respekhtuluy fatsa ji jrepturili omuluy shi livertatsili fundamentali. Iu chrevuyi sa promovezi ynchelejerya, tolerantsya, pryechenya ynchri toachi popoareli shi toachi grupurili rasyali sau relijioasi, prekhum shi jesvoltarya akhtchivitatsiy Ansamvluluy Natsiunilor penchru mentsinerya pashiy.)

Koutsovlakhian (Madinya Standard, since 2004):

Dzia alê xiî karë prôsoplû arê dzî dikaiôma pxi întrû dê eѯagôxë. Eѯagôxë krësitê a фî dzia alê dôranû, întrû dzî alû minimû dzia eѯagôxë elêmentarlâ kxaiû dzenêrarlâ. Eѯagôxë elêmentarlâ krësitê a фî dzia alê ѵpôkreotikê. Eѯagôxë têknikê kxaiû dzia alê prôфêsënâ krësitê a фî alâ ѳiatismxâ dzia alû mâsetniî, kxaiû eѯagôxë sôperiorâ krësitê a фî ômoiû îgalû, prôsitê lû mâsetniî, alê dzi katâstasê dzia aѯë. Eѯagôxë krësitê dzia anâptiѯë întrû dzî totû alë prôsoplîkotxikâ kxaiû înфôrslaë dzî sêvasmlûiû întrû kipxû dzî dîkaiûmatê mâsetnlië kxaiû liфtirîlë ѳemêlidzënai. Exë krësitê dzia a prôaxû alê katênôië, anoxië, фilëië dzî prînû mâsetnië tôtû kxaiû tôtë dzia alê ômadiî dê dzenû xî ѳrêskeфtiî, ka kxaiû înomê kxaiû anâptiѯë dzî xatserê dê pxi Însamblû dzî alê Eѳnë pxi întrû dëtrâ îrinlë.

Maldavian dialect (Czuczoum Standard):

Орьче персоанэ аре дрептул ла ынвэцэтурэ. Ынвэцэмынтул требуие сэ фие гратуит, чел пуцин ын чееа че привеште ынвэцэмынтул елементар ши генерал. Ынвэцэмынтул елементар требуие сэ фие облигаторю. Инвэцэмынтул техник ши професёнал требуие сэ фие ла ындемына тутурор, яр ынвэцэмынтул суперёр требуие сэ фие де асеменеа егал, ацчесибил тутурора, пе базэ де мерит. Ынвэцэмынтул требуие сэ урмэреаскэ дезволтареа деплинэ а персоналитэций умане ши ынтэриреа респектулуй фацэ де дрептуриле омулуй ши либертэциле фундаментале. Ел требуие сэ промовезе ынцелегереа, толеранца, приетеня ынтре тоате попоареле ши тоате групуриле расяле сау религёасе, прекум ши дезволтареа активитэций Организацией Нацюнилор Уните пентру менцинереа пэчий.

Qennesan:

Oļoi personă ăre driapță la epăiḑeșii. Epăiḑeși trebie să fii elefteră, kal puțin în stadia stîalodă șî stadia tamalodă. Epăiḑeși stîalodi trebie să fii obligator. Epăiḑeși tehnikal și profesional trebie să fii disponsibil, șî epăiḑeșii superior trebie să fii eksau prosaste tuturor pie bază aṣilor. Epăiḑeși trebie să fii urmeraskă detvolțarea depļina a protîkopiță omului, și la antarare ḑe respekt pîntru driapță omului șî elefterea tamalodă. Iel trebie să proaẓia kațînașă, anohă șî prițîņe între toțî sapalî, grupurol rațial șî reliḑial, șî va kontinua aktivitațîle ḑe Sinaflasă Sapalor pîntru sîntarasă eriņii.

Romanish Alphabets

The first Romanish Alphabet is considered to be one of the oldest official Syrillangan alphabet, having first been standardized and used throughout the Romanish kingdom in the 9th century. It was partially adapted to other languages spoken in Romany, such as Kalmish, South Slevic and Varvar

The Old Romanish alphabet is nowadays still used in the Iviran Republic of Transmarmatia under the name Glagolit Alphabet

Starting 1831, Old Romanish started being gradually replaced with the current Romantian Romanish alphabet. The transitional version from 1862-1880 is the current alphabet of Iviron.

Currently obsolete letters marked in red, missing equivalent letters in blue.

Old Romanish Glagolit	Iviran Romanish	Upper Romanish	Lower Romanish	Ayvrish Romanish
A, a áзꙋ	A, a aзoŭ	A, a aleph	A, a alpha	א אל"ף
Ъ, ъ їє́рꙋ	Ĕ, ĕ ѥroŭ	Ă, ă shvà	Ă, ă xbà
Б, Б Бꙋ́кю	B, b bukю	B, b beith	mp	ב בי"ת
бй	bĭ	ᶀ beith iotat
В, в вє́дѣ	V, v vedѣ	V, v vit	B, b bita
вй	vĭ	ᶌ vit iotat	b
Г, г гʌáгѡʌ	G, g glagol	G, g ghimmel	G, g gamma	ג גימ"ל
Џ, џ џѣ́ма	Z̦, z̦ z̦ibete	J, j garshghimmel	J, j jì	ז׳ זי"ן שי"ן
	Ģ, ģ ģѣma
џй	gĭ	ᶃ ghimmel iotat
Д, д дѡ́брꙋ	D, d dobroŭ	D, d daleth	D, d delta	ד דל"ת
зй	ḑĭ	ᶁ daleth iotat	dz
		ᶎ zayin iotat		ז זי"ן
Ꙁ, ꙁ ꙁє́ʌѣ	Ḑ, ḑ ḑelѣ	Z, z zayin
З, з зє́мʌѧ	З, з зemlꙗ		Z, z zita
Є, є є́стїй	E, e estiĭ	E, e ayin	E, e ipsilon	ע עי"ן
' ѵѡ́та	ь ѵota	̡ iot	y
й ѵѡ́та	ĭ ѵota	ȷ youd sur	i	י יו"ד
Ï, ï исꙋр	Ï, ï isur	Ï, ï youd sur	I, i iotta
И, и íйџѣ	I, i iĭz̦ѣ	I, i youd
кй	kĭ	ᶄ khet iotat	K, k kappa	ח חי"ת
К, к кáкꙋ	K, k kakoŭ	K, k khet
		Q, q quom		ק קו"ף
		C, c kouf
Ч, ч чє́рвꙋ	C̦, c̦ c̦erboŭ	ce, ci	ce, ci, cy	צ׳ טי"ת שי"ן
чй	c̦ĭ	ƈ kouf iotat	ç çì
Ʌ, ʌ ʌїю́дѧ	L, l lюdꙗ	L, l lamed	L, l labda	ל למ"ד
ʌй	lĭ	ᶅ lamed iotat
М, м мъсʌи́тє	M, m mĕslite	M, m mem	M, m mì	מ מ"ם
мй	mĭ	ᶆ mem iotat
Н, н нáшꙋ	N, n nașoŭ	N, n nun	N, n nì	נ נו"ן
нй	nĭ	ᶇ nun iotat
О, о Ѡ́нꙋ	O, o Onoŭ	O, o Vov deschis	ו ו"ו
Ѡ, ѡ Ѡ́мєга
Ꙋ, ꙋ Ꙋ́къ	U, u Ukĕ	U, u Vov închis
П, п Пѡкѡ́й	P, p Pokoĭ	P, p Pey închis	פ פ"א
Ф, ф Фрáтꙋ	Ф, ф Фratoŭ	F, f Pey deschis
Р, р Рѫ́цъ	R, r Rѫțĕ	R, r Reish	ר רי"ש
С, с Сʌѡ́ва	S, s Sloba	S, s Sameq	ס סמ"ך
Т, т Тꙋ́рда	T, t Turda	T, t Teth	ט טי"ת
Х, х Хѣ́рꙋ	Х, х Хѣroŭ	H, h Hey	ה ה"א
Ц, ц Цѝ	Ț, ț Ți	Ț, ț Tsadeq	צ צד"י
Ч, ч Чє́рвꙋ	C̦, c̦ C̦erboŭ	ce, ci	צ׳ טי"ת שי"ן
Ш, ш Шà	Ș, ș Șa	Ș, ș Shin	ש שי"ן
Ш̩, ш̩	șc̦	șt	שט
Ѣ, ѣ Ѩ́тю	Ѣ, ѣּּּ Ꙗtю	ea	יה
Ꙟ, ꙟ Ꙟ̃трꙋ	Ꙟ, ꙟ ꙟntru	Î, î Youdn	יי ייודן
Ꙟ̃, ꙟ̃ Ꙟ̃	ꙟn	în	יין
Ѯ, ѯ Ѯѝ	Ѯ, ѯ Ѯi	X, x Khet Sameq	קס
Ѱ, ѱ Ѱѝ	Ѱ, ѱ Ѱi	ps	פס
Ш̩, ш̩ Ш̩ѣ́	șc̦	șt
Ѳ, ѳ	Ѳ, ѳ	th
Ѵ, ѵ	Ѵ, ѵ	Y, y
Ã, ã	an	an
Ю, ю	Ю, ю	iu
Ѥ, ѥ	Ѥ, ѥ	ie
Ѣ, ѣ	Ѣ, ѣ	ea
Ѫ, ѫ	Ѫ, ѫ	Â, â
Ѩ, ѩ	Ꙗ, ꙗ	ia
Ѧ, ѧ	Ꙗ, ꙗ	ia

Romanish on the map

Ingerish	Romanish	Regionalisms
Avenue	Cale (ca)	Patremă (eg), Uliță (sl)
Boulevard	Bulevard (fr)	Katremă (eg), Șosea (fr)
Bridge	Pod (ga)	Geafără (eg), Punte (fr)
Castle	Cetate (ga), Fort (fr)	Kastemă (eg), Kală (tr), Kremlin (sl), Rad/Radeț (db)
Cathedral	Catedrală (fr)	Katedrikă (eg), Sobor (sl)
Cemetery	Cimitir (eg)	Țintirim (eg)
City	Oraș (es)	Pală (eg)
Church	Biserică (ga)	Ekliză (eg), Basilică (ga), Țârkovă (su)
Dock	Bazin (fr)	Darsenă (dc)
Embassy	Ambasadă (fr)	Stâpă (eg)
Forest	Pădure/Pădurice (ga)	Alemă (eg), Codru (ga)
Inn	Han (tr)	Karavanserai(l) (fr), Pantotcee (eg), Bezesten (tr), Posadă (ca)
Lake	Lac (ga)	Liman (tr), Iezer (sl), Râmnic (sl), Baltă (sl), Râbniță (db)
Market	Piață (dc)	Bazar (tr), Agolă (eg)
Monastery	Mănăstire (sl)	Mânăstire (sl), Abație (dc)
Mosque	Moschee/Moschiță (fr)	Geamie (tr)
Palace	Palat (ga)	Ektiră (eg), Palas (fr), Șaté (fr)
Park	Parc (fr)	Chepă (eg), Grădină (sl)
Passage	Pasaj (fr)	Pasagiu (fr)
Peak	Vârf (sl)	-
Platform	Peron (fr)	Binariu (dc)
Skete	Schit (eg)	-
Square	Piață/Piațetă (dc), Scuar (fr)	Ploșcead (su)
Street	Stradă (dc)	Șetremă (eg)
Synagogue	Sinagogă	Templu (ga), Havră (tr)
Tower	Turn (gm)	Empurgă (eg), Foișor (es)
Town	Sat (ga)	-
Train station	Gară (fr)	Statou (eg), Nădragiu (db)

Pronunciation

Letters	Positions	Pronunciation	Examples	Examples in Archantan Ingerish	Notes
a
a	anywhere	a	baciu	roughly like father
a	before the sounds l, m, r, s	ɑ	bal	palm, also
aa a'a	anywhere	aʔɑ	qaal ca'al	uh-(ʔ)oh	often also written aha
an	anywhere	ɑ̃	Antharia	roughly like song
b
b	anywhere	v	Bărrădin	voice	in most Romanish dialects
bh	anywhere	b	Argonbhad	about	mostly in neologisms from Kalmish for other neologisms mostly mp
c
c	anywhere	k	casă	skip	in southern dialects only used before the letters o and u
c	before e, i or y	s	cetate	sack
ch	before e, i or y	k	chin	skip	h revokes the rule above
ch	in Kalmish and Iviran neologisms	χ	Garchinburgh	uvular fricative
d
d	anywhere	ð	deal	other
d	before e (when pronounced as i), i and y	dʒ	alde	jig
dh	anywhere	d	idhen	dust	h revokes the rule above mostly in neologisms
dd	anywhere	d	Jidda	dust	mostly in neologisms from Iviran and Kalmish doesn't turn to dʒ in declensions
e
e	mostly before c, g, i, j, r, s, ș, ț, v, x, y, z	e	vedere	they
e	before a, b, d, f, h, l, o, p, t	i	sens	see
e	at the beginning and the end of any word	i/ie (depending on the following letter)	Edineț	see
ee e'e	anywhere	eʔe eʔi	leel	-	often also written ehe
em/en	anywhere	ẽj̃	Massena	similar to lane
eu	anywhere	əw	meu	between sow and sew
l
f	anywhere	f (in north Romanish dialects) ɸ (in south Romanish dialects)	foc	fire voiceless bilabial fricative	also written as ph, mostly in southern dialects
g
g	anywhere	ɡ	glod	glamour
g	before e, i or y	dʒ	ger	jar
-g	at the end of a word	χ	berg	uvular fricative	mostly in Kalmish neologisms
gh	before e, i or y	ɡ	ghenă	glamour	h revokes the rule above
gh	in words of Kalmish and Iviran origin	χ	Garchinburgh	uvular fricative
gg	before e, i or y	ɡ	Reggensberg	grace	mostly in words originating in Kalmish and Iviran
h
h	anywhere	generally ʔ or unpronounced (when auxiliary)	hamel, gher
hh	anywhere	h	ahhab	height	mostly in Mazanic or Iviran neologisms
i
i	anywhere	i	listă	mean
i	before l, r, s	ɪ	tir	until
-ii	at the end of a word	iç	copii	similar to hue	appears in plurals of nouns ending with -il
ii/-iii	anywhere	i.çi	fiilor, copiii	similar to hue
im/in	anywhere	ĩj̃	vadim	between lane and seen	l
l	anywhere	ɫ	Vlăssia	please
-l	at the end of a word	w	Podrompal cedrul	tow	-ul ofter written as -ou or -lu in southern dialects
ll	anywhere	l	mallic	dental l, similar to ladder	mostly in words of Ispelian, Valonian or Hellanesian origin

notes, to be developed:

• d, t before b, c, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, r, v, x: dj, ch (Odrava, Ostrina) - revoked by dh, t contextually
• mp: b (Mpalcik, Mpoumplianay)
• n between a, o, u and another vowel: Voiced dental nasal (Kanes) - revoked by nn
• r at the end of a syllable - guttural r (Montabour, Burcus)
• r before a vowel - rolled r (Nădrăcin)
• rr before a vowel - guttural r (Bărrădin)
• s after a vowel + before a consonant or at the end of a word: ș (Burcus, Kallomenos, Durostor)- revoked by ss
• s between two vowels; z - revoked by ss (Vlăssia, Montemassena) or by sh (Kushia, Teshir, kăddeshean)
• sh: ș (words from Iviran) (Kaddesh, Shul)
• t after a vowel + at the end of a word: ț (Edinet) - revoked by tt
• t between two vowels (unless e (pronounced i), i, y): d - revoked by tt (Pilombatta)
• x: ș

Future written changes from Romanian:

• usage of double consonants (with various rules)
• use of letter k in South Romanish
• reintroduction of th and y
• y instead of short i in groups of vowels
• use of ph in words originating from various languages
• elimination of the letter ț, replacing through t (in specific circumstances), ss and c
• elimination of the letter ș, replacing through s (in specific circumstances (ʃ)), x and sh
• elimination of the letter â, replacing through y and ă
• ou instead of u at the end of any syllable, as well as in front of r (exception: -ulouj)
• elimination of the final i after a consonant, either complete elimination or replacing through a diacritical mark ( ҄ ? ᶇ? letters with curl?)

IPA

Consonants IPA Examples in Romanish Examples in Ingerish b ban boy d dop day dʒ ger gender f foc face ɡ gol, unghie good h horn hat k cal, chip, kilogram, quasar skip l lună love m mic moon n nor name ŋ lung long p pas span r rac, mare curd (Scottish (?) Ingerish) s sare sun ʃ șarpe shape t tare stop ts țară cats tʃ cer choose v val, watt voice z zid zone ʒ jar measure Non-native consonants ɲ Saligny roughly like canyon

Vowels IPA Examples in Romanish Examples in Ingerish a apă roughly like father e erou roughly like bet ə ăsta about i inel, mie beet ɨ înspre, cârnat roses o oraș law (Pretanic Ingerish) u uda, dual fool Non-native vowels ɑ̃ Henri roughly like croissant ɵ chemin de fer roughly like sir ø bleu, loess y ecru, fürer roughly like few   Semivowels IPA Examples in Romanish Examples in Ingerish j iarnă, creioane, rai, yacht you or boy w băcăuan, dulău, tweeter wine or cow Diphthongs e̯a beată, Andreea short e followed by full a; similar to yard e̯o vreo short e followed by full o; similar to yawn o̯a foarte, găoace short o followed by full a; similar to wagon   Other symbols IPA Examples Explanation ˈ dulău [duˈləw] Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) ˌ extraordinar [ˌekstra.ordiˈnar] Secondary stress . mie [ˈmi.e] Syllable marker, generally used between vowels in hiatus ʲ rupi [ˈrupʲ] Palatalization (placed after the palatalized consonant)